Spare The Life of Sumbawa or Tau Samawa | | Interest Sumbawa or tau Samawa inhabit the western business office of the island of Sumbawa or old expanse of the Sultanate of Sumbawa, its territory roofing an expanse of 8493 km 2, which way that to a greater extent than than one-half of Sumbawa Island with an expanse of 14415.45 km2 totaled, piece the eastern business office of this island, piece the eastern business office of the isle was inhabited past times tribes Bima. Most of the expanse consists of hills in addition to mountains to 1730 meters the highest peak inwards the Rock Lanteh. This mount stands tall with the 5 other mountains inwards cardinal in addition to southern islands. Leading to this mount in that location is a river named Brang largest Beh which also flows into the Gulf Lampui in addition to towards areas closed to the mount the other, thence met with children of other smaller rivers.
Samawa tau population spread over ii districts, Sumbawa in addition to West Sumbawa regency territory ranging from sub Pond at the eastern terminate until Taliwang in addition to Sekongkang District located at the W in addition to due south of the island, including 38 small-scale islands closed to it. The 2nd territorial limits of this district is the N bordering the Flores Sea, due south with the Indonesian Ocean, W of the Alas Strait, in addition to due east past times District Dompu. The population of the tribe of Sumbawa is at nowadays estimated at to a greater extent than than 500,000 inhabitants.
Sumbawa Tribe population is currently growing a mixture of ethnic descendants of immigrants or immigrants from other islands who receive got been long settled in addition to able to arrange to its novel surroundings in addition to live on able acculturated with the other entrants who soundless deport the cultural identity of their ancestors, either who came earlier in addition to after the eruption of Mount Tambora inwards 1815. These newcomers made upwards of ethnic Javanese, Madurese, Balinese, Sasak, Bima, Sulawesi (Bugis, Makassar, Mandar), Sumatra (Padang in addition to Palembang), Kalimantan (Banjarmasin), in addition to China (Tolkin in addition to Tartars), equally good equally the average Arab average inhabit lowland in addition to coastal areas of this island, piece most people who claim themselves equally indigenous or native or Samawa occupy mountainous regions such equally tepals, Dodo, in addition to Labangkar due to coastal areas in addition to lowlands that were i time into residential areas they tin non live on occupied i time again Tambora post-natural disaster that killed nearly two-thirds of Sumbawa at the time.
Sumbawa is a tropical climate, the influence of continental climate of Commonwealth of Australia inwards certainly months are felt with a temperature gain betwixt 19.20 C-34, 20C, humidity 89% maximum in addition to minimum air clitoris per unit of measurement area of 71% with an average of 1008.2 mb until 1013 , iv mb. Most current of air management was 300 with a top speed of xiii knots per 2nd that occurred inwards August, October, in addition to November. Average rainfall 1 476 mm a twelvemonth with the let on of rainy days equally much equally 75 days. The pelting began to autumn inwards Sumbawa inwards Nov to March, after it changed the dry out flavor inwards April, which commonly begins with mutual frigidness air inwards a few weeks.
LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND WRITING
In general, literary works of Sumbawa is quite hard to live on dug, inventoried, in addition to accounted for, equally good equally searchable texts, because the physical care for is done past times way of inheritance from generation to generation orally in addition to from the generation of a precursor to kid keturunanya through a really long journeying in addition to passes cultural physical care for is complicated, however, tin live on understood that the old is at the root or the woman parent of all fine art forms in addition to traditions of Sumbawa, both fine art music, dance, in addition to customs that grow in addition to prepare inwards society, equally seen inwards sekeco, rame eyes dance, games people barapan barapan kebo in addition to chicken, in addition to traditions such equally the life cycle in addition to barodak nyorong.
KINSHIP SYSTEM AND MARRIAGE
Kinship in addition to descent systems inwards full general bilateral tau Samawa, namely the withdrawal of the lineage scheme based on ancestral lineage of men in addition to women simultaneously. In this kinship system, either the paternal relatives mapun maternal classified into i with the same term, eg eaq for older blood brother manly somebody parent or mother, in addition to the NDE for the younger blood brother of the manly somebody parent or mother. Wider household unit of measurement grouping that is pata, which is a relative of the human being or adult woman who is pulled from grandparents or ancestors upwards to the 6th degree, thence that inwards a monastic state of Sumbawa known cousin, the cousin of ii to half dozen cousins.
On Sumbawa traditional community life, some of the nuclear household unit of measurement tin alive inwards a theatre on stilts, the theatre that was built on wooden poles with tiptop ranging betwixt 1.5 to 2 meters with a typology of the rectangle, the roof is shaped similar a boat made from bamboo which is cutting santek or pieces (many at nowadays replaced with tiles). On the forepart or bring upwards mounted tiller in addition to stairs inwards a affair of peculiar betwixt 7, 9, eleven subject needs. The inner layout is by in addition to large a blend of traditional theatre forms Bugis-Makassar, which combined with the architecture of the theatre Malay. For homes inwards rural areas preferred the phase facing due east or sunrise that symbolizes strength, fortitude, in addition to promise overflow provision. They receive got a really potent household unit of measurement values equally reflected inwards the old:
- Ling chicken Ngungku Samawa (pulse of life inwards Sumbawa)
- Samung ling create tokal relatives (relatives of catch knock at shoreline)
- Mole sakompal tu ate (home to unite the hearts)
- I Ate ko belo Sempu (close to my heart's cousin)
- Kusalontak mega pitu (beyond anything)
- Ngantung no beang bored me (do non rely bored in addition to hoping)
- Mara Punti ina gamma (such equally banana trees duhai's mother)
- Den yellowish no Tenri tana (although yellowing leaves volition non autumn to the ground)
- Mate bakolar to lolo (willingly destroyed with relatives)
The physical care for for union inwards monastic state Sumbawa ceremonies organized past times a complex, adopting the customary union processions Bugis-Makassar get-go with bakatoan (bajajak), basaputis, nyorong, in addition to barodak ceremony on the eve earlier both the bride in addition to groom were married. Barodak ceremonies comprise elements of a combination of ritual in addition to Ruwatan midodareni inwards Javanese tradition. One thing manarik inwards Samawa tau mating scheme is considered ideal is sibling cousin marriage, equally seen inwards the older:
- No mu tau gegan pond (as beautiful equally whatsoever somebody create non count)
- Lenge Sempu no gantuna (ugly-ugly cousins soundless in that location is a feel unfortunately)
- With barema ngining (navigate with joy in addition to sorrow)
The primary source of livelihood for the tau Samawa is by in addition to large inwards the rice farming using traditional tools inwards the shape of a hoe or bingkung, rengala, in addition to Kareng equally turn equipment utilizing pets such equally cows in addition to buffaloes. Planting designing was originally introduced past times the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit inwards the Hindu kingdom of Sumbawa. Mechanization of agriculture is at nowadays starting to await at the people of Sumbawa. In some places starting to await utilization handtractor in addition to other modern tools equally a replacement for the purpose of livestock inwards the processing of agricultural land.
To operate on the farm or merau traditional ways are soundless used upwards to at nowadays is the burning of agricultural province inwards monastic state to simplify the processing for some types of crops planted. How to larn fifty-fifty this agricultural lands bagitu easy, tau Samawa tin honour province for farming, gardening, in addition to farming with his honour the expanse marked past times hanging sharpening stones or planting of certainly trees such equally Bage, ketimus, in addition to Bungur which are both known in addition to recognized the Convention equally a sign that the province belonged to someone in addition to at the same fourth dimension to avoid the claims of others. This concept has been confirmed for the tau Samawa inwards the facial expression tumpan Aeng tumpan nan-tu Aeng tubaeng, important that people who come upwards across is having.
This facial expression refers to the ownership of land, residence or a specific expanse that belonged to him, this concept also applies to the operate of the wood in addition to get together wood nganyang (hunting) in addition to await for dear bees past times providing a cross with a machete on the tree where the nest was in that location equally good equally dear bees tied with lonto (type ivy). For tau Samawa inwards violation of this taboo in addition to endeavour to receive got the rights of others, thence it volition live on the utter everywhere in addition to receive got larn customary sanctions tau no kangila or shameless self-esteem is really slap tau Samawa. Sumbawa community living inwards villages by in addition to large receive got a special identify to store the results inwards a klompo penennya or barn that was built following to the edifice of his house, was to know Samawa who create non store their crops inwards the barn, tin also brand utilisation of or the attic of his house, piece for pertaninan political party of equipment placed inwards or nether at the bottom of the phase house.
Being a fisherman is the operate of other options for tau Samawa. Equipment such equally angling rods, kodong in addition to splint which serves equally a trap used to select handgrip of fish inwards rivers or inwards swamps, piece the equipment is to a greater extent than preferred shape of nets to select handgrip of fish inwards the sea. Equally of import project is hunting or using equipment nganyang tear or poke or pike spear in addition to a double-edged, applying or snares, in addition to past times making utilisation of hunting dogs. Nganyang strange jobs by in addition to large are chosen past times most tau Samawa who alive closed to the hills, piece their primary line of piece of work is gathering wood products to live on used equally nutrient ingredients such equally tubers, buyak or the tops of the cane, palm trunks serampin or cider, dear bees, mushrooms, in addition to roots equally a traditional oil-making materials. Sumbawa community raising horses, cattle, in addition to buffalo. Tau Samawa non tether animals livestock, these animals simply released inwards pasture or meadow-lar, piece to locomote on their crops from assault livestock, farmers tried to debate off Sumbawa field past times planting rice in addition to Java timber on its province border . Job equally a trader is a project selection for a small-scale part of Sumbawa which was originally done past times the descendants of Arabs, Chinese, people Selayar, in addition to some newcomers from Java, equally good equally operate to brand arts and crafts items similar romong or baskets of rice, cane chair , Ampat or a fan, traditional weaving lately began to live on abandoned people. The operate is most proud to know Samawa is to larn civil servants or employees of the company.
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
Sumbawa tribes who inhabited this old expanse of the Sultanate of Sumbawa inwards the pre-Majapahit became the Kingdom's territory based inwards Samawa Sasak Lombok, thence conquered past times Majapahit with the oculus of influence inwards Taliwang in addition to Seran, piece the Islamic catamenia is the catamenia of the conquest of the Kingdom of Gowa-Sulawesi to all regions Sumbawa in addition to Lombok Selaparang with the cardinal government, firstly inwards Lombok in addition to Sumbawa Besar moved into the Kingdom due to the threat pencaplokkan Gelgel-Bali. After the entry of VOC (Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie) empire became business office of the part of Sumbawa Gubernemen Celebes, in addition to the corresponding zoning Afdeeling the part of Sumbawa entered residency with its uppercase inwards East Sumbawa.
Governance scheme are translated into onderafdeeling Afdeeling thence divided into several administrative regions. Some villages are divided into several neighborhoods of ability which is onderdistrict, in addition to some onderdistrict merged into i district-level governments are now. Merger does non final long onderdistrict onderdistrict afterward became a stand-alone in addition to turn into kademungan region. Kademungan areas at nowadays transformed into districts inwards accuse of several villages. In the reign of the old order, the scheme of hamlet management inwards Sumbawa is held past times a bring together is assisted past times several workshops tau reefs equally advisers coming from every kinship grouping abode residents.
Merge is also aided past times the malar equally a regulator in addition to divider H2O on agricultural land, in addition to also assisted past times a mandur which acts equally a liaison betwixt the interests of monastic state with the hamlet government. Perkampungannya designing shaped theatre groups, each grouping soundless has a kinship bond which united past times a hamlet fence. Always adjust the layout of world noesis nearly the veins inwards the implementation of province tin only live on known past times Sandro or shaman. Each caput of household has the responsibleness to assist construct a custom abode that novel members of the grouping nether the ascendancy of mutual assist workshop tau reef, thence the concept was formulated past times the cite siru or pay his debts, thence that grouping members who violate would live on ostracized. Siru pay innovation is soundless valid today, peculiarly inwards villages inwards rural areas.
Now civil monastic state organizations at the hamlet aeroplane modernized into a hamlet or a hamlet led past times a headman or hamlet caput who supervises several hamlets, in addition to every hamlet in that location are groups of citizens who joined inwards harmonious community that consists of several neighborhoods. As an executive at the hamlet aeroplane established hamlet councils, piece the project is replaced past times the malar Farmers Water User Association (P3A). Sumbawa is really thick with the nuances of Islam, thence inwards religious life or Hukom inwards every hamlet in that location is a leader who called the prince, lebe, mudum, Ketib, marbot, in addition to rura. Sumbawa community also inherited social coating of the Sultanate of Sumbawa which is marked past times the emergence of 3 groups, namely the championship of nobility or a datu dea, both costless groups or relatives know, in addition to the 3rd grouping of ordinary people who create non know ulin independent or servant. For this final grouping has been deleted since the issuance of the decree of Sultan Muhammad Kaharuiddin III inwards 1959 piece serving equally caput of the Autonomous Region Level II Sumbawa.
It contains the advice of older parents to their sons that are non easily lured to the beauty of a daughter who did non clear asalusulnya in addition to non from his ain relatives, piece the brothers themselves, although non pretty but it has a clear lineage in addition to tin live on used equally a loyal friend inwards the wading joy in addition to sorrow. This indicates that the old customs of union inwards monastic state prioritizes Sumbawa is seeking a partner from their ain relatives who seringpula encapsulated inwards the phrase-peko peko kebo dita or permit crooked but the buffalo itself is meaningful proud of selfhood in addition to prefer their own. In union in that location are also custom Sumbawa called abstinence or union mating base of operations sala-naive done because they are non aligned inwards a lineage that is considered less polite inwards sentiment of customs, such equally an uncle wed their cousins fifty-fifty allowed inwards Islamic Law.
Other marital offenses that are considered deviant is merarik or run those girls because they create non larn the approbation of both parents themselves in addition to parents pujaanya girl. Merarik tin consequence inwards embarrassment to the household unit of measurement of girls who were admitted, piece ngirang is oft expressed inwards a rage in addition to ruin the household unit of measurement possessions of men equally a outburst of anger, criminal offence the victim's self esteem. For those boys who ran the girls, should at nowadays inquire for protection on traditional leaders or community leaders prior to the household unit of measurement of a adult woman found him, when equally good tardily to inquire for protection tin live on fatal equally expiry or murder past times the household unit of measurement of a adult woman who according to custom justified.
The primary source of livelihood for the tau Samawa is by in addition to large inwards the rice farming using traditional tools inwards the shape of a hoe or bingkung, rengala, in addition to Kareng equally turn equipment utilizing pets such equally cows in addition to buffaloes. Planting designing was originally introduced past times the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit inwards the Hindu kingdom of Sumbawa. Mechanization of agriculture is at nowadays starting to await at the people of Sumbawa. In some places starting to await utilization handtractor in addition to other modern tools equally a replacement for the purpose of livestock inwards the processing of agricultural land. To operate on the farm or merau traditional ways are soundless used upwards to at nowadays is past times burning agricultural province inwards monastic state to simplify the processing for some types of crops planted.
How to larn fifty-fifty this agricultural lands bagitu easy, tau Samawa tin honour province for farming, gardening, in addition to farming with his honour the expanse marked past times hanging sharpening stones or planting of certainly trees such equally Bage, ketimus, in addition to Bungur which are both known in addition to recognized the Convention equally a sign that the province belonged to someone in addition to at the same fourth dimension to avoid the claims of others. This concept has been confirmed for the tau Samawa inwards the facial expression tumpan Aeng tumpan nan-tu Aeng tubaeng, important that people who come upwards across is having. This facial expression refers to the ownership of land, residence or a specific expanse that belonged to him, this concept also applies to the operate of the wood in addition to get together wood nganyang (hunting) in addition to await for dear bees past times providing a cross with a machete on the tree where the nest was in that location equally good equally dear bees tied with lonto (type ivy).
For tau Samawa inwards violation of this taboo in addition to endeavour to receive got the rights of others, thence it volition live on the utter everywhere in addition to receive got larn customary sanctions tau no kangila or shameless self-esteem is really slap tau Samawa. Sumbawa community living inwards villages by in addition to large receive got a special identify to store the results inwards a klompo penennya or barn that was built following to the edifice of his house, was to know Samawa who create non store their crops inwards the barn, tin also brand utilisation of or the attic of his house, piece for pertaninan political party of equipment placed inwards or nether at the bottom of the phase house.
Being a fisherman is the operate of other options for tau Samawa. Equipment such equally angling rods, kodong in addition to splint which serves equally a trap used to select handgrip of fish inwards rivers or inwards swamps, piece the equipment is to a greater extent than preferred shape of nets to select handgrip of fish inwards the sea. Equally of import project is hunting or using equipment nganyang tear or poke or pike spear in addition to a double-edged, applying or snares, in addition to past times making utilisation of hunting dogs. Nganyang strange jobs by in addition to large are chosen past times most tau Samawa who alive closed to the hills, piece their primary line of piece of work is gathering wood products to live on used equally nutrient ingredients such equally tubers, buyak or the tops of the cane, palm trunks serampin or cider, dear bees, mushrooms, in addition to roots equally a traditional oil-making materials.
Sumbawa community raising horses, cattle, in addition to buffalo. Tau Samawa non tether animals livestock, these animals simply released inwards pasture or meadow-lar, piece to locomote on their crops from assault livestock, farmers tried to debate off Sumbawa champaign past times planting rice in addition to Java timber on its province border . Job equally a trader is a project selection for a small-scale part of Sumbawa which was originally done past times the descendants of Arabs, Chinese, people Selayar, in addition to some newcomers from Java, equally good equally operate to brand arts and crafts items similar romong or baskets of rice, cane chair , Ampat or a fan, traditional weaving lately began to live on abandoned people. The operate is most proud to know Samawa is to larn civil servants or employees of the company.
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