Truth Of Rafflesia Flowers

| Level of Settlement as well as Community Development Lampung | Known human settlement since the mesolitik estimated. They alive inwards groups ¬ position inwards places that tin dismiss run across the natural state of life, such every bit inwards caves close the nutrient source or opened upwardly places inwards the river, lake, or beach (Soejono, 1992: 155 - 156). In the neolithic period, when the works life was known, began no sign of settling downwards inwards a uncomplicated hamlet that was inhabited past times groups of several families. Activities inwards the township life that is primarily intended to brand ends run across together, laid out to laid as well as divided alongside the members of the community (Soejono, 1992: 167-168). In this menses also early on also known a scheme of social organization. 

The settlement which was originally solely a uncomplicated evolved over fourth dimension until a steady state (become a city). Residential evolution to locomote a urban center along with the evolution of human civilization supporters. Can live said faster charge per unit of measurement of evolution of civilization, the sooner mapannya a settlement. According to Gordon Childe (1979: 12 - 14) the evolution of human civilization tin dismiss live divided into 3 stages of savagery , barbarism, and civilization. Stage savagery regarded every bit the hunting as well as gathering food. At this fourth dimension the police line has non recognized the existence as well as governance. Phasebarbarism is a farming community who are familiar with police line as well as governance inwards the grouping only express as well as closed. While at this phase of civilization is an agricultural as well as industrial society. These communities are familiar with governance as well as customary police line which has been organized. 

Besides Childe, Flannery also separate the evolution of civilization into 3 stages. On the reason of partitioning leaders as well as rulers. According to Flannery (1979: 28 - 30) stages of evolution of civilization consists of an egalitarian society , chiefdoms, and stratified society. Egalitarian gild assumes that all human beings inwards gild grade is the same, in that location is no floor or Clas. Community chiefdomsexisting Clas partitioning betwixt leaders as well as led. While stratified society is a heterogeneous gild with diverse Clas as well as levels. These communities occur inwards an urban. Notion of "city", hence in that location is non currently a limitation that tin dismiss live applied universally. In cultures of dissimilar elements take maintain been used differently every bit a minimum requirement for a settlement to live called a city. For illustration inwards the world ofHellenistic, a identify where the urban center says in that location are elements include a theater, gymnasium, andprytaneion. In the medieval Islamic world urban center chemical factor includes a mosque, market, as well as where the populace baths. European settlement inwards the fortress town consisted, markets, as well as the courts (Rapoport, 1986: 22 - 23). In the glory days of Islamic empire inwards Indonesia, volition live considered every bit the "city" when the courtroom has the mightiness center, the mosque every bit a pump of worship (ritual), as well as the marketplace every bit a pump of economical activity, as well as sometimes also the park. Thus the notion of multifariousness is also caused because of the times that resultant inwards a change. 

The existence of the urban center tend to associated with the political forces that take maintain been established. In the archipelago, specially Java, many inscriptions that furnish data that countries earlier the historic menses Kertanagara Singasari non yield sovereignty / stable royal power. While pretending or kuta was known inwards inscriptions from the fifth century, but the application of the concept of state with a rigid fundamental authorization as well as societal urban center has non appeared earlier the 14th century. So the start urban center inwards the archipelago that may already take maintain a settlement construction is Trowulan city, urban center of Majapahit (Wiryomartono, 1995: 1). 

Prior to the Majapahit era that is nearly the eighth century inwards the ancient kingdom of Mataram was in that location a tiered settlement consisting of the fundamental part of the kingdom, character, and Wanua. At the pump of the majuscule of the kingdom inwards which stood the palace is the identify of Sri Maharaja as well as residence of the king's sons as well as unopen relatives, high officials as well as the royal courtiers. Areas of character, which is controlled areas of the rakai and pamgat, every bit good every bit regional Wanua or hamlet led by rama(Sumadio, 1990: 190). The concept of Wanua Kayuagung area, Histories, as well as Lampung take maintain a slightly dissimilar meaning. Wanua or Banua or only called Nua in the Austronesian linguistic communication surroundings does non refer to urban settlements. Wanua closer to the thought of rural settlements with social status, political, as well as economical autonomy. Sentence maruwat Wanua the inscription tin dismiss live interpreted Kedukan Hill pentasbihan for guidance of autonomous villages that later on became the main expanse of Sriwijaya. Closer to the meaning Wanua is habitation to the inauguration (Wiryomartono, 1995: 17). In damage Tulangbawang society Nua (local dialect called Nuwou) refers to the smallest residential unit of measurement that is home. Residential units higher level Wanua called tiyuh , Anek, or Pekon(Troe, 1997: 129). Housing ladder every bit fourth dimension Old Mataram Kingdom inwards Java is strongly influenced past times the floor inwards the strata of government. Connection with the settlement strata levels of authorities locomote along until the Islamic Mataram fifty-fifty upwardly to now. 

In Lampung take maintain non found an indicator of fundamental political mightiness every bit a kingdom of Mataram, Majapahit, as well as the Sultanate of Banten inwards Java or Srivijaya, Melayu, as well as the Sultanate of Palembang inwards Sumatra. Have non found an indicator of political mightiness does non hateful that inwards Lampung are non familiar with the scheme of authorities organizations. Community groups who occupy a tiyuh already know the scheme of authorities inwards the shape of indigenous organizations. With this organizational scheme is assumed to take maintain levels of populace housing Lampung. 

Indigenous Community Governance Lampung 

Lampung based on the legend as well as the bear witness remains of archaeological initially concentrated on the scale Berak, the Barisan Mountains part about Lake Ranau, West Lampung. In this expanse many megalithic monuments inwards the shape of dolmen as well as Menhir complex inwards a restricted expanse of the castle moat as well as the ground. Estimated, because the line per unit of measurement area is rigid population increment causing migration occurs throughout Lampung. Olivier Sevin (1989: 49 - 69) estimates the indigenous people of Lampung is Pubian which occupies the expanse betwixt Padangratu, City Court, Bay Betung, as well as the southern part where Mount Sugih this part split Sekampung Way. At nearly the 17th century until the 19th moving ridge of migration from exterior into the Lampung. At nearly the 17th century moving ridge of migration from Banten. Later inwards the 19th century occurred colonization from Java. According to oral history tradition, emigrants who went to Lampung also from Pagarruyung, Bengkulu, Jambi, the Malays as well as Bugis (Citizen, 1994: 3 - 13; Hadikusuma, 1989: 44 - 52). 

Masyarakat Lampung earlier getting civilization from exterior influences such every bit Republic of Republic of India (Hinduism Buddhism) are familiar with the form of democratic authorities shape clans. In the clan authorities take maintain physical completeness of heresy, namely a large line solid that served for the negotiations (Alf, 1954: 5). According to Ahmad Kesuma Yudha with reference to the persuasion of JW Naarding (Yudha, 1996: 3), the authorities is known every bit the royal clan Tulangbawang extinct. Emptiness is used Sriwijaya authorities command of Lampung as well as innovate traditional clan scheme of government. This scheme lasted upwardly until as well as then Banten master. 

When Banten entered inwards 1530 Lampung, Lampung part is divided into regions keratuan(customary police line community) is comprised of transcend Keratuan controlled territory as well as Tulangbawang LTD,calls Keratuan Krui controlled territory, Ranau, as well as Histories, Keratuan inwards Pugung control as well as Pubian Pugung region, every bit good as in the chaos Keratuan controlled the part about the Gulf Betung. As powerful Banten, Lampung, Keratuan inwards Pugung divided in ane trial again as well as stood Keratuan Maringgai(rolling) as well as K White Blood eratuan (Kalianda). Thus, after the extinction of the Kingdom inwards Lampung Tulangbawang unknown inwards the shape of government, but a growing empire is a scheme of democratic governance inwards the shape of keratuan (Soebing, 1988: 35).

Views estimates keratuan-keratuan expanse inwards Lampung

At nearly the 7th century from 17 to 18 keratuan the shape of authorities based on traditional alliances BUAY (descent) called pivot (unity BUAY core or clan) and clan (the unity of the BUAY orbunch in the shape of hamlet or tribal entity (Hadikusuma, 1989: 157 .) clan governance scheme inwards Sumatra Palembang sultanate created inwards the framework of efforts to command political as well as economical life of regions below him (Mintosih, 1993: 42 - 45). The scheme of authorities tends to live to a greater extent than bureaucratic clans for the sake of the social life of greater political as well as complex. In contrast to the traditional leadership scheme inwards Lampung keratuan, clan authorities is percentage of the authoritarian scheme inwards which elected leaders as well as appointed a rational (not hereditary) past times the holders of a higher power. The formation of clans referring to the Law Simbur Light, which is a codification of the legal provisions applicable empire of the 17th century inwards the Sultanate of Palembang. Codification of the police line committed past times Sinuhun Sending Queen, consort of Sultan Sending Kenayan (1629 to 1636). 

Hierarchy of authorities nether the sovereign composed of the regions - local-level officials led past times the nowadays governor called Rangga, Kerangga, or Tumenggung. Territory authorization calledKetemenggungan. Regional powers Rangga comprises several Pesirah led Marga Marga. pesirah a lot of the instrumental to the sultan granted the championship of Duke or DEPATI. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 clan consists of hamlet led by Kerio or Proatin. The hamlet caput inwards his hamlet who have Pesirah not called Kerio but calledPembarap. Position pembarap slightly higher than Kerio, because pembarap also a vice Pesirah. Each hamlet comprises several villages, headed Penggawa. In 1826 the scheme of authorities clan taken over Dutch colonial rule. Since as well as then the authorities structure, the clan is nether as well as dependent area to the mightiness of the Resident. 

Changes of mightiness inwards the hands of Dutch colonial dominion was non much alter traditional governance systems lampung community. In 1873, the Dutch laid Residency Lampung is divided into six Onder Afdeeling (Kawedanaan). In 1928, the Dutch laid the Ordinance called Gemeent Inlandsche Buitengewestan Ordinance. With this legislation, given the legitimacy of structural clan inwards the Netherlands Indies government. The heads of clans (Pasirah) selected from the indigenous leaders of the clan. When the Japanese mightiness the entire customs scheme is non running. 

Entering the reign of RI, inwards 1947 removed the clan scheme of authorities because it is considered a colonial legacy. In 1953 the authorities introduced a system villages as village institutions in West Sumatra. Nagari scheme ultimately tin dismiss non thrive as well as eventually disappear. Then the scheme authorities to follow the rules that apply to the nowadays (Yudha, 1996: 4 - 6). Along with the disappearance of hamlet institutions, revived the clan system, but create non take maintain the authorization to regulate the mightiness of government. clan scheme of authorities lasted until 1976. Law No. 10 inwards 1975 on Regional Government settings take away the traditional governance scheme inwards Indonesia.

Some sites inwards the Point Level

Keratuan majuscule of 

Lampung people since earlier in that location was a large influence from political forces exterior the familiar scheme of authorities inwards the shape keratuan. Based on oral traditions as well as archaeological remains there, keratuan management scheme runs from belatedly prehistoric times. One keratuan formation is influenced past times the line per unit of measurement area of population increment at that fourth dimension occurred inwards the expanse Berak scale. Some archaeological remains of the part inwards the shape of scale Berak megalithic monuments is rigid bear witness of the familiar scheme of leadership. At start in that location were at to the lowest degree iv keratuan namely the Peak Keratuan, Keratuan calls, Keratuan in Pugung, and Keratuan in chaos. Based on oral tradition tells us that the scheme of authorities tends to live egalitarian keratuan. The leader is a charismatic, spontaneous chosen because it has advantages. 

Keratuan Institution shows the characteristics chiefdom which is to a greater extent than advanced than inwards egalitarian societies because they know the scheme of government. This gild is a gild so early state laws already familiar with the rules fifty-fifty though he knew the absolute authorization of leaders. Thus the community is unremarkably inwards ane family. Agriculture is the main livelihood is supported arts and crafts business. In the residential pump of the main edifice in that location are communal. Usually also take maintain a shrine for a religious facility. Housing authorities also serves every bit the administrative pump of the bureaucracy. In the capital, the settlement was surrounded past times some of the villages are smaller (Renfrew & Bahn, 1991: 156 to 157). 

Based on oral history traditions, in that location are at to the lowest degree 2 populace housing sites every bit the majuscule of keratuan majuscule Canguk Gaccak every bit Keratuan at Peak (Citizen , 1994: 6) as well as every bit the majuscule Pugung inwards Keratuan led Queen Pugung Galuh (rolling, 1988: 14). 

Canguk Gaccak site at Kampung Sekipi, LTD District High, North Lampung (Research Team, 2006). Canguk site on the border Gaccak ABUNG Way, which is a kid Rarem Way. In the northward the river is the Earth that bordered the river as well as the moat natural as well as artificial Earth fortress. Moat as well as the castle of Earth located inwards the east, across the northward orientation - S to connect 2 rivers flow. On the within in that location is a complex expanse dolmen, stone circle (stone enclouser), as well as Menhir consists of twelve groups. 

In the Earth located S of the river is the tomb complex consists of 2 groups. The start tomb groups are on the border of rice fields. The main grapheme is buried Minak King In Lawuk, located inwards the easternmost part. Grave status seen today are non equipped sepulcher. Boundary line of the tomb of andesitic rocks. Grave headstone is a type of truncheon-shaped Aceh stone materialgranodiorit. In the westernmost percentage of the tomb pin Master Teacher. These figures are the descendants Minak Trio Diso. The instant tomb grouping inwards the W of the tomb of the start group. Tomb groups are on high Earth nearly 3 thousand from the surface of moisture land. On the stairs inwards the eastward toward the tomb in that location is a stone of nearly 25 cm inwards diameter. Stone is a symbol of the King In Minak caput Lawuk, which must live trampled past times the descendants of Diso when Minak trio volition visit. In the complex in that location are 3 tombs tomb. The most eastern tomb is the tomb of the White Virgin Minak or Hyang Mudo, tomb amid a grave Minak Trio Diso, as well as that the northward is the tomb of Sheikh Abdurrahman. 

Lampung regional folklore nearly the story mentions that Betan Subing In Minak King is a grapheme Lawuk defeated Datu In the Peak. In Minak King Lawuk later on defeated past times Betan Subing, ane of Datu At Peak. To restore the award of Datu On top, caput Minak King In Lawuk buried inwards the middle of the route when going to the tomb of Datu At peak, betwixt the river with the tomb of Datu At Peak (Imron as well as Wahid, 2002: twenty - 46). When referring to this story as well as then the main grapheme who is buried inwards this complex is Datu At Peak. 

To the southeast Minak tomb complex Diso Trio is nearly 300 thousand in that location is a pocket-size loma called the Mount Woods Bekasan. On transcend of the loma in that location is an expanse of nearly 1 ha, surrounded past times a moat as well as a river. The trench on the eastward side nearly 50 cm wide. The trench on the S side nearly 10 thousand broad with a depth of nearly 6 m. West as well as northward sides of the river which is a kid Pasuut Way LTD. 

In the Earth encircled past times a moat as well as the river, in that location are shrines oriented northwest - southeast. People who buried consists of Dara Minak White (Southwest), Rendang Sedayu (middle), as well as munggah In Minak LTD (northeast). Sedayu Rendang is known every bit ane of the married adult woman Minak Trio Diso. This figure also known every bit the King Lemaung. The 3rd tomb tomb was non completed. Nisan every bit a flat-shaped grave marking as well as a laid of stone. 

Canguk Gaccak addition, the majuscule keratuan mentioned inwards folklore was Pugung. Pugung term is right away known every bit Pugungraharjo. Site includes Pugungraharjo administratively Pugungraharjo Village area, District Jabung. Pugungraharjo sites occupied expanse of unopen to xxx ha. To the S in that location are sites that flow Pugung Way into the site boundaries. Way Way Pugung is Sekampung children. Land fetur fortress surrounded the site as well as the trench soil. The width of Earth surrounding the castle v m, spell the high 2 to 3 m. On the exterior of the castle in that location is a broad trench 3 to v m. In some places in that location inwards the castle entrance. With Earth fort, the site expanse is divided into 3 parts. 

The start percentage is at the westernmost part. The northward side of the start percentage of this express Earth fort that ran the southwest - northeast as well as and then plow to the southeast. The fort was as well as then turned in ane trial again to the S until a coming together with the rivers. The instant percentage is the site to the eastward of the start part. The instant percentage is also express past times the existence of a longitudinal reason fort W - east. Fort Earth as well as then turned south. The 3rd department of the site expanse is located inwards the easternmost part. This department is non express past times the castle ground. 

Archaeological remains of the remains, contained inwards Pugungraharjo site consists of a variety of forms, including a stone with a hole, bergores stone, stone mortar, Menhir, as well as punden berundak. There are archaeological remains of the start department of hollow stone, stone bergores, as well as punden berundak. In the instant percentage is the monastic tell Menhir as well as the altar stone which formed a rectangular plan. In ane in that location Menhir sculptures that formed a circular line at both ends. Whereas at ane altar stone sculptures which take maintain formed the alphabetic lineament T. Menhir composition as well as stone altar with a complex called Stone's body. To the eastward as well as S of the stone complexes are punden berundak bodies. Archaeological remains of which are inwards the most eastern percentage of the site of stone with a hole Pugungraharjo, bergores stone, stone mortar, as well as punden berundak. One punden berundak contained inwards this department is the largest punden. In addition, inwards the S of the largest punden in that location punden statues. In this punden statue e'er found manly someone figure sitting cross-legged inwards the mental attitude vajrasana. Described his mental attitude with the palms inwards front end of the chest, the left index finger pointing up, correct index finger is bent at the transcend left, the radius of the other manus is folded. Attitudes similar his are non uncommon inwards the iconography, but the mental attitude toward naivedyamudra usually found inwards streams tantris (Soekatno, 1985: 165 to 166). 

Punden largest Pugungraharjo site Punden known every bit VI. Berdenah VI Punden foursquare size 12 x 12 m, with a pinnacle of nearly 7 m. Punden consists of 3 terraces growing upwardly a trivial to a greater extent than size. Boundary betwixt each deck is reinforced with stones times. There punden about a pocket-size ditch. In the middle of the 4th side in that location punden driveway width of nearly 2 m. This entrance jutting out as well as solely to the start terrace. On either side of the entrance in that location is a form of ladder cheek. At the terminate of the left as well as correct side of the entrance in that location is stone that is placed similar a makara.

Punden berundak Pugungraharjo site (Doc. Balar Bandung, 2005)

In add-on to the complex punden this site are Pugungraharjo springs. In the outflow in that location are several forms of megalithic remains of other cultures such every bit bergores stone, stone mortar, as well as stone with a hole. Stone with a hole the whole amounted to xix pieces. Besides the springs, the remains, the remains found inwards similar pocket-size watersheds located inwards the southern percentage of the site. At this location in that location are 4 stones bergores. The shape of the scratch lines with grooves for the fingers, but clearly shows the resultant of human activities (Triwuryani, 1998). Canguk Gaccak as well as Pugungraharjo every bit capital keratuan have the same pattern. In residential areas in that location is the shrine for a religious facility. Some buildings such every bit the dolmen as well as Menhir found at both sites. This shows that the religious background of both populace supporters are megalithic tradition. Religious developments that occurred inwards Canguk Gaccak as well as Pugungraharjo in that location is a difference. Indicators of Islamic tomb shows that Canguk Gaccak megalithic tradition developed into the Islamic tradition, spell inwards in that location looking Pugungraharjo evolution procedure of Hindu-Buddhist tradition. 

Theoretically settlements about the majuscule keratuan in that location are some smaller villages. Around Canguk Gaccak did non abide by whatsoever sites inwards smaller settlements. The absence of settlements about Canguk Gaccak illustrates that the settlement when it was based as well as collected inwards Canguk Gaccak. Folklore also illustrates that the designing of settlement inwards the cluster Canguk Gaccak. In Canguk Gaccak in that location are some groups such every bit the descendants Nunyai Buay, Buay Unyi, Buay Subing, Buay Nuban, Buay BUAY Beliyuk as well as several others who alive together inwards Canguk Gaccak. In the futurity descendants of the clan was formed Siwo ABUNG Migo consisting of nine genera (Citizen, 1994: 8). Settlement of each clan of the clan is no longer ABUNG inwards Canguk Gaccak. 

Pugungraharjo every bit the majuscule has a vogue keratuan smaller settlements about him. Along the Way Sekampung in that location are several sites inwards a smaller size, having characteristics similar civilization of megalithic. Internet sites such every bit Jabung site, Negarasaka, as well as Meris site. Jabung site of the castle-shaped rectangles standard 118 x 150 meters. Composition of the fort consisted of a ditch (outside) as well as Earth on the within bergunduk. The entrance to the fort is on the west, north, as well as east. Inside the castle, in that location are remains of 2 successive stone construction with a northwest-southeast orientation. At the terminate of this sequential stone, inwards the middle of the page, in that location Menhir phallus-shaped similar those found inwards the complex stone bodies (Pugungraharjo). Outside the castle complex, eastward as well as S are the mounds of globe that local communities are said to live a cemetery. Other findings are a stone construction which forms a item designing is called a stone barn. In the southwestern percentage in that location is a high mound reaches 7 meters (Indraningsih, 1985: 8 - 9). 

Negarasaka site is a megalithic complex, located unopen to 350 thousand W of Jabung site. In this complex in that location is the castle similar the complex as well as Pugungraharjo Jabung. The construction consists of the castle mound exterior the inner moat, as well as next gunduk Earth inwards the deepest part. The most of import findings of this complex is iv apartment stones past times the inhabitants called stone seats, arranged lengthwise parallel northward - south. At the bottom of a apartment stone is a stone buffer. This megalithic heritage located at the northern percentage of the castle complex (Indraningsih, 1985: 9). 

Meris site of Earth that surrounded the castle moat. Plan consists of irregular site ane page with a width of nearly 4.2 ha. On the within in that location is a nearly foursquare punden apartment on the reason with rocks distribution. Viewed from the designing of spreading, possibly these stones are graves of the Muslims with orientation northward - south. Also inwards the western percentage in that location is a large spread similar dolmen stones which take maintain such a stone stable form. In the outer 2 punden berundak (Triwuryani, 1998: 10 - 11). 

On the reason of comparing of several such sites is the motion painting that during keratuan, residential pump located on the main tributaries. Magnitude larger site than the settlement supporters. In these settlements in that location inwards the shrine every bit a agency of religious activities. In the instance of Canguk Gaccak as well as Pugungraharjo of megalithic buildings. 

Settlement Period Marga Government 

During the clan scheme of authorities prevailing inwards Lampung in that location is a hierarchy inwards accuse of resettlement Ketemenggungan several villages. Ketemenggungan settlement found at the site Tomonggongs Minak Castle. The existence of the Citadel site related Minak Tomonggong ethno-history of the grapheme Tomonggongs Minak. Some people claim that The Chief is a grapheme Minak inwards connector with Pagardewa community. As a major figure inwards business office Minak Tomonggong of import inwards edifice a gild nether the auspices Pagardewa Sultanate of Banten. In add-on Tomonggong Minak figures, in that location are other figures that Minak Kerenggo. This figure is the lord of the castle at whatsoever river, eastward of Tulangbawang Way. His tomb is at the border of Umbulan Ridge W Suloh Tulangbawang Way. 

Minak Tomonggong Castle site to the W of Tulangbawang Way, eastward of Village Penumangan. Administratively, including inwards the expanse of Kampong Penumangan, Tulang Bawang district of Central, Tulangbawang. Based on the visible symptoms, the fortress longitudinal orientation northward - S with a length of 600 to 800 m. The fort consisted of 2 flanking ditches mound. The northward terminate of the fort began inwards Garlic Potat as well as on the southern tip of the Onion Bakon. This part is the most upstream percentage Tulangbawang Way, adjacent to a coming together betwixt hilinya Way Kanan as well as Way Left. 

In the north, betwixt the fort expanse as well as in that location are grave Tulangbawang Way Minak Tomonggong as well as Onions Pukem. The Chief was Minak tomb eastward of the fort. To the eastward of the tomb in that location is a Pukem Onion horseshoe lake. At the northern terminate of the castle in that location is a form of seasonal river that ends inwards Pukem Onion (Saptono, 2001: xix - 20). 

Based on the linkages betwixt the site Tomonggong Minak Castle with the clan scheme of authorities is seen that the site is the highest administrative pump inwards the part of Lampung. In other places take maintain never found whatsoever site associated with the grapheme or Kerengga Tomonggong. This figure is an official nether the Emperor. Government clan according to the Law of Light Simbur be closely related to the Sultanate of Palembang. When original Lampung Banten, possibly the scheme of authorities which has been running volition live retained. Thus both inwards the Sultanate of Banten Sultanate of Palembang or settlement is a pump of authorities Ketemenggungan, namely residential fundamental floor of authorities nether the majestic capital. 

The geographical location of the site Tomonggong Minak Castle located at the downstream junction betwixt the Right Way as well as the Way the Left is really strategic. Placement at a coming together of 2 bang-up rivers volition facilitate the central of useful patterns for residential as well as institutional evolution of authorities itself. Exchange that occurs inwards the shape of central of goods as well as information. Colin Renfrew as well as Paul Bahn (1991 310) Kusumohartono as well as Bugie (1995: 105) refers to Karl Polanyi says in that location are 3 models of exchange RECIPROCITY (reciprocal), redistribution (redistribution), and market exchange (market exchange). Exchange RECIPROCITY is the obligation of giving as well as receiving alongside dissimilar individuals social relationships. Exchange of redistribution associated with the obligation to pay for goods as well as services to community leaders, who as well as then distributes some of acquisition for populace involvement or gift. While the model exchange market, the principals create non take maintain a surely social ties oblige them to perform the existence of central as well as bargaining is possible inwards it. Communities inwards Fort Minak Tomonggong site volition play 3 central model. 

Keletakan Viewed from the aspect of geographical patterns of functional relationships depicteddendritic Bronson model. This model describes the designing of settlement followed the river, as well as shape a network scheme model of central of goods exchange market. According to Bennet Bronson assumption, inwards the oral fissure of the river volition live found merchandise center. In the upstream areas, the estuary where the river entered as well as found the main tributaries, the settlement volition live found the two and thenthree levels. In the most upstream area, on the lastly stretch of river that tin dismiss live taken past times agency of H2O transport, volition abide by a livelihood gatherer groups collecting wood products. Commodity goods are channeled through 3 levels of settlement as well as the 2 finally reached the pump of merchandise inwards the estuary expanse (Miksic, 1984: 10). Patterns associated with the central model exchange market and the designing of dendritic Bronson model, it appears that the part Tomonggong Minak Castle served every bit a trading pump linking the inland areas with the exterior areas. 

Level of settlements under Ketemenggungan the hamlet or past times the damage of Lampung is tiyuh. In large rivers along the mutual lot of residential sites which are residential clan level. Internet sites such every bit sites inwards the flow Sabut Castle Way as well as the site left inwards the flow of the White Stone Way Kanan. 

Sabut Castle site inwards Kampung Gunungkatun, Tulang Bawang district Udik (Saptono, 2002: 88 - 89). Geographically located at the northwest corner Way Left. In the W in that location is the flow Way site as well as bustle. The river is as well as then turned eastward as well as empties into the Way the Left. Fetur fortress of hollow (ditch) as well as the mound of earth. On the northward side of the basin is elongated inwards eastward W direction, starting from the Left as well as the Way to the Way of Babel ends. Wide basin of nearly 2 thousand with a depth varying betwixt 0.5 to 1 m. To the S of the basin, is nearly 50 thousand in that location is the castle moat foursquare berdenah. 

Parit originated from the northward side of the Left Way to the W along the unopen to 100 m. In the mid-section that does non take maintain dug a width of nearly 4 m. The trench is a continuation of the W side of the northward side. Longitudinal trench northward - S along the unopen to 75 m. West side of the trench as well as and then turned to the eastward as well as ends at the Way the Left. South side of this trench was non really deep, its width is also hard to recognition. On the eastward side is the flow of Way Left. To the S of the fort is the tomb of ancient moat. People who are buried Sendang Menak Belawan. 

Situs Batu Putih inwards the Mountain Village expanse of Light, Mountain of Light District (Saptono, 2006: 94). Sites located inwards the southern border of the Right Way. On the S border of the Right Way is the natural levee that ran from the northeast (the Right Way) to the southwest. The to a greater extent than southwesterly natural levees higher. With this natural levee site location Batu Putih is abundant inundation plains really fertile. In the southwest, on the natural levee, in that location is the tomb of Prince Buay Sugih Menak. Circumstances without the grave as well as tomb earlier also without headstone. Headstone is right away a novel headstone. Cupola of the tomb has bamboo booth materials. Around the tomb of Prince Buay Menak Sugih, specially inwards the S in that location are several graves that are grave public. Indicators old settlement sites located inwards White Rock fragment distribution inwards the shape of artifacts. 

Communities inwards Sabut Castle site as well as the castle moat restricted Earth inwards Batu Putih is non found the moat as well as the castle ground, but the express nature of the river as well as the natural levee. The same elements found inwards both sites is the tomb of the main character. The existence of the tomb of the main grapheme describes the alter inwards the religious scheme of pre-Islamic menses is marked past times megalithic buildings with Islamic menses marked past times the main character's grave. Religious scheme substantially the same identify the elements of ancestor worship. 

People who alive inwards a hamlet has a claim (field) called the term umbulan. During the patch piece of employment they settle inwards that location. Existing settlements tend to live temporary umbulan. Society has Bandardewa inwards Tulangbawang umbulan inwards Lily Nyelai as well as Jung Belabuh (Research Team, 2007: xix - 21). Lily Nyelai site on the border of Lily Way Nyelai. This river is a kid Tulangbawang Way. Indicators of human activities inwards the past times inwards the shape of fragments of pottery, fragments of pottery, glass, as well as clinker. Distribution of the artifacts are on an expanse of unopen to 3600 m2. Jung Belabuh site on the border of which is a Kalutum Tulung Way Italic children. Extensive site of nearly v hectares of Earth as well as express castle moat. It was previously Umbulan Bandar hamlet god, because the status tin dismiss non business office optimally, as well as then moved to the hamlet community Bandar god now. This location was as well as then made umbulan. At sites where in that location is spread of ceramic as well as pottery inwards the expanse of unopen to 1600 m2. Viewed from the 2 sites are umbulan, illustrated that umbulan are on the border of the creek. The expanse occupied past times non also large. Although umbulan solely a temporary settlement, based on existing artifacts signal a variety of activities.

   

The Conclusions 

traditional Lampung people take maintain their ain scheme of authorities called keratuan. This governance scheme is estimated to grow after the collapse of the Kingdom of Tulangbawang or inwards the kingdom of Srivijaya. When the Sultanate of Palembang Sumatra controlled most of the clan scheme of authorities formed. In Lampung the clan scheme continued until the reign of the Sultanate of Banten.

Keratuan In the reign of residential centers tend to live on the banking enterprise of a tributary of the hamlet spell the smaller settlements located on the banks of major rivers. Model keratuan majuscule settlement of Earth as well as fortified trenches. In the settlement has a shrine for religious purposes. 

The clan scheme of authorities in that location ketemenggungan settlements as well as villages. Ketemenggungan is the pump of authorities nether the majestic level. Ketemenggungan settlements inwards Lampung are inwards upstream Tulangbawang Way. Settlement called Fort Minak Tomonggongs. The existence of a large river upstream close the confluence of 2 rivers is really strategic for supporting the distribution patterns that volition create goodness the sustainability of settlements. 

In all the major rivers inwards the part found upstream ketemenggungan villages every bit settlements clan level. Kampung is express Earth as well as the castle ditch or natural stream. Important chemical factor inwards the settlement of the clan is the tomb of the main character. The existence of the tomb of the main grapheme to fulfill a religious business office that is substantially related to the worship of ancestral spirits. Umbulan every bit the smallest settlements are unremarkably located on the banks of the creek. The expanse is bounded umbulan Earth castle as well as moat, some are non fortified. Based on terdeposisikan artifacts umbulan site, residents of community activities are also berragam. 

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Source article:

This newspaper was published inwards the book "Settlement, Environment, and Society", pp. 63 to 80. Editor physician Supratikno Rahardjo. Bandung: Ikatan Ahli Archeology Indonesia, 2007