| ETHNIC CHINESE IN BENGKULU | The researchers intend to behavior inquiry on the early on history of Chinese growth of Bengkulu, which is 1 community that touching on the reflection of the mental attitude of the local indigenous communities against their existence. In consideration of ethnic researchers chose this, because it has ethnic influences too a rattling pregnant role of socio-economic weather condition inwards Bengkulu. Especially when at that topographic point is a modify of authorities construction Keasisten residenan live increased Bengkulu Bengkulu Residency. Meanwhile, every bit mentioned above, until at nowadays rarely constitute inwards inquiry on the evolution of Chinese economical activity inwards colonial times, especially inwards Bengkulu.
Several inquiry questions posed include:
RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses historical method which includes iv stages. The outset phase is a heuristic, namely to collect historical sources via search archives, too library research. The minute phase is critical, ie cheque the authenticity too validity of the source derived. The tertiary phase is the interpretation of the interpretation of the information therefore every bit to obtain the facts of history. The quaternary phase is the historiography, which presents the facts obtained inwards the cast of historical writing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the study of world history nosotros know that the procedure of colonization inwards everywhere, everything begins with the activities of trade, economical domination too and therefore increasing to a mastery of politics. So that was happening inwards the areas of Bengkulu. The growth of industrialization inwards Europe, specially inwards the nineteenth century affected the evolution of the city. The entry of unusual individual working capital alphabetic lineament especially since 1870 every bit a milestone inwards the implementation of a liberal economy.
Foreign individual entrepreneurs to invest inwards plantations, alongside others. Industrialization demanded plantation infrastructure evolution including telecommunication too shipping lines of communication which of class volition greatly touching on the growth of the city. Trade too Industry also rose to go 1 of the line factors too drivers of immigration. The unusual immigrants such every bit Europe, Arabia, Republic of Republic of India every bit good every bit Cathay entered the Netherlands East Indies.The Chinese companies engaged inwards the sector intermediaries such every bit a distributor, agent, too sales of commodities inwards the domestic merchandise inwards medium too little scale. In addition, Chinese individual grouping is nonetheless inwards chartering a authorities monopoly of commodity sales, which inwards the nineteenth century tended to increment too expand. Among them is the increment inwards sales of opium or opium pacht the greater the book too marketing areas to inland areas. Economic activity yesteryear the Chinese inwards Republic of Indonesia during the colonial era is moving too expanding rapidly.
At outset only every bit middlemen betwixt European traders with producers of commodity goods inwards this instance the indigenous population. Gradually almost all the cycles of economical activity is dominated yesteryear the Chinese who are tenacious too diligent. Besides, the opportunities presented yesteryear the colonial authorities to monopolize sure goods.Various regulations have got been made the colonial authorities to set the Chinese on a item position. Wisdom of the colonial authorities was assessed yesteryear Skinner every bit a reflection of the wisdom of uncertainty. During the nineteenth century the Chinese people must alive inwards the middle of the urban center that have got been determined too tin non live gratis to go without the permission of the Dutch government. These restrictions expire simultaneously with the increasing moving ridge of Chinese migrants after World War I (G. William Skinner, inwards Mely G. Tan, 1979: 5).
In District of Bengkulu, at that topographic point are 2 systems of authorities that is indigenous too European territorial which sometimes overlap, but both stay nether the authorization of a resident. As a victim of the wisdom that is therefore erratic this subdivision discusses the topographic point of the Chinese people inwards Bengkulu Residency whether it is reflected inwards the legal domicile, citizenship, too civil status. The colonial authorities strictly dissever lodge into iii classes, namely: the top strata were European, E of foreigners, including Cathay are inwards the middle, too the natives are inwards the bottom layer. In 1919 a police clit officeholder class was divided into 2 parts, each class of Chinese police clit too class rather than Chinese police clit officeholder (See Amen Budiman, 1979:49). Discrimination against the Chinese inwards add-on to the decision of residence (wijken stelsel) too the go permit arrangement (passen stelsel) also at that topographic point are sure restrictions that the Chinese are genuinely rattling painful.The police clit applies to people who are dissimilar from European police clit for the Chinese too Arabs, patch the 2 laws are slightly dissimilar from the laws that apply to the natives. Legal issues concerning the civil status of the Chinese is a complicated legacy of colonial times. Law too colonial direction inwards the nineteenth century is assumed that all people including the Chinese who were born inwards the Netherlands too the regions of the colony every bit the burghers Dutch Country (Onderdaan) fifty-fifty for statistical purposes too direction of the Chinese people were classified every bit unusual E therefore that legal discrimination is rattling painful too detrimental to the Chinese.Indeed Earth economic scheme (trade) opened a novel modern too the attending of the Chinese after the 18th century. Although previously have got long known that the Chinese nomads every bit middlemen. However, every bit previously described their role is rattling small, but every bit retailers too intermediaries to the exterior world. Dutch presence speedily strengthen the economical motives of people overseas inwards the champaign of merchandise intermediaries.
According to the 1930 Verslag Indisch brokerage is a "link" betwixt the importers on the 1 manus too little traders too consumers on the other. In this instance the merchandise intermediary distribution too after every bit the "eyes of the Chain" betwixt exporters from the results of population production. In this instance involves the collection of merchandise intermediaries (Indisch Verslag ,1990:193-218).
While Liem Twan Djie to a greater extent than to consider the province of affairs inwards Java inwards item too to deviate from the restrictions that are commonly used inwards the west, the merchandise intermediary intended every bit a trading branch into the link betwixt large-scale merchandise too or manufacture on the 1 manus too little merchandise or consumer population, each manufacturer on the other (Liem Twan Djie, 1995: 19).Referring to the Definition above, too therefore the broker inwards this instance is the Chinese people every bit an intermediary betwixt producers too consumers of raw materials inwards the collection of trade. Intermediary role hither vary, they tin serve buyers, processors, importers, contractors, suppliers, too distributors (Donald Earl Willmott, 1960:45). In this instance these functions are oftentimes combined inwards 1 or 2 companies (airlines trade).Traditionally, Chinese middlemen role is to collect farm hit too submit to major exporters shipped to Europe too other places or to live transported to markets inwards other parts of Indonesia.
At the fourth dimension of the VOC, the Chinese people go intermediaries betwixt the indigenous population too the VOC (Ibid: 46).From the outset days of the Dutch East Indies Company, the discriminatory policy of the Netherlands to strengthen the topographic point of the Chinese people every bit an intermediary for the economic scheme too practically to exclude indigenous merchant class. The instance inwards Banten tin live used every bit a reference. Netherlands yesteryear way of the hands of Chinese traders, for example, managed to corner the pepper merchandise routes that had previously been controlled inwards Banten. In this instance used every bit a tool is to play the currency central charge per unit of measurement used inwards the traffic merchandise (A. Made Tony Supriatna, 1996:70). Chinese traders who had long held the monetary authorization to create too circulate picis currency, ie currency made of Pb too treated every bit a medium of exchange. VOC every bit a articulation company of Dutch trade, central toying picis, yesteryear controlling the raw materials too impose only the instantly merchandise with the VOC into a profitable transaction.
The line a fast 1 on is to impose dual monetary system, therefore that the VOC is a political party that wins. Meanwhile, Chinese merchants every bit middlemen also practice non behavior the loss.From 1885 Bengkulu was nether political too economical domination of England, inwards this instance run yesteryear the East Republic of Republic of India merchandise fleet (the East Republic of Republic of India Company, abbreviated EIC), based inwards Madras, India. The British originally came every bit traders, but too therefore became the local rulers to sign a merchandise understanding or a contestation pepper pepper willingness to grow, fifty-fifty inwards the environs regulates the life of society. In add-on to agreements, the United Kingdom of Great Britain too Northern Ireland of Britain too Northern Republic of Ireland is also expanding its power. Expansion to the N of Bengkulu, alongside others: Muko-Muko, Bintuhan, Lais, Ketahun, Seblat, too Pillows. While the expansion into the expanse due south of Bengkulu, alongside others: Manna, Kaur too Krui. This British expansion using mercenaries coming from Bugis (Bugis Corps) too the Bengal (India).
For defence too safety too merchandise interests, the British built forts (Fort York too Fort Marlborough), business solid colonial officials, populace roads, markets, too shops.Besides bringing people from other areas such every bit Java, Ambon, too the Bugis, the United Kingdom of Great Britain too Northern Ireland of Britain too Northern Republic of Ireland also convey inwards people from the French, Portuguese, Chinese, too Indian (Sipahi) every bit good every bit armed forces manpower to aid the British colonists. The entire population of the expanse of Bengkulu inwards 1823 from N to due south until the Krui of unopen to 18 000 Life (ABLapian too Soewadji S, 1984:95). British ability inwards Bengkulu until 1824, a outcome of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom of Great Britain too Northern Ireland of Britain too Northern Republic of Ireland must submit to the Dutch Bengkulu. Since 1824 until 1942 Bengkulu nether the authorization of the Dutch colonists.Geographically, the expanse of Bengkulu allowing for merchandise too agriculture, also known every bit a producer of export commodities, such every bit pepper, coffee, cloves, too other wood products.
The beingness of facilities inwards the cast of body of body of water port that tin accommodate the flow of goods from all over the Indonesian Ocean, making it 1 of the factors for people from other regions too unusual nations to come upwards to the expanse of Bengkulu. For farther with a lack of progress inwards shipping through state relations inwards the early on twentieth century, too therefore yesteryear the construction of highways, making it easier than people from other regions to come upwards to the expanse of Bengkulu.The people who come upwards to the expanse from Bengkulu too West Sumatra Palembang, most of them are coming to the business organization trade. Among them at that topographic point were persistent too later assimilated with the native population.
While migrants from Java too the Sunda, their arrival is intended to piece of work mostly agricultural land.The arrival of people from various regions alter the demographic construction inwards Bengkulu. The beingness of those who blend inwards too assimilate for certain live devastating for indigenous people inwards Bengkulu inwards damage of religion, civilisation mapun inwards other cases inwards damage of faith for example, the traders, especially from Padang too Palembang.Residents of Bengkulu tin live divided into two, namely the indigenous too the immigrant population. The natives are known at that topographic point every bit follows: Rejang tribe, ethnic Serawai, too Malay ethnicity. Rejang tribe known every bit the most numerous, they are scattered mainly inwards onderafdeling Rejang, Lebong, Bengkulu, too Seluma. Ethnic groups are spread mainly inwards onderafdeling Serawai Manna, Seluma, too Kaur. Meanwhile, many Malay tribes inhabiting the coastal areas, urban areas, too the bulk are located inwards the working capital alphabetic lineament of Bengkulu. In add-on to the iii tribes of the above, at that topographic point are also tribes that may live a fraction of these iii tribes.
Ethnic groups are ethnic Lembak (in Padang Ulak duel), Muko-Muko, Kaur, too Pasemah.Indigenous peoples inhabit a part that tin live differentiated into the iii characteristics, namely: 1). The hills, they are a niggling hit rice too pepper (pepper), 2). Valley region, alongside others, from the hinterland of the highlands of Rejang, from Ulu Pasemah manna inwards Manna, inwards Seluma, inwards Kaur too inwards Krui. They mostly pepper growers, 3). Coastal areas, they are living inwards the expanse marketplace whose activities revolve about the market. However, some also are derived from various groups of immigrants (J. Kathirythamby-Well, 1977:16).
The tribes known rejang the most numerous, at the fourth dimension of Dutch colonial authorities divided into three, namely: who inhabit onderafdeling Lebong named Rejang Rejang Musi too Lembak, too that inhabit onderafdeling Lais too Bengkulu named Coastal Rejang. Rejang tribe came from iv Petulai Petulai too each headed yesteryear a leader who is called the Rejang Ajai. Ajai give-and-take is derived from the give-and-take majai, which way the leader of a human lodge (Abdullah Siddik, 1980:32).Population mostly farming livelihood. As for those who alive close the beach is to a greater extent than fun to fish. Incompatibility of state for agriculture too depression fertility inwards some areas therefore at that topographic point is malaria too abdominal pain. Most of the rice grown on dry out state fields too at that topographic point is also inwards the marshland, where at that topographic point is too watery rice fields, especially inwards the Rejang too Lebong which there, inwards all river valleys Ketahun di Lebong converted into rice fields.
In add-on to the rice part of agricultural crops, the population is also growing java grown inwards mountainous areas, tobacco every bit a minute crop after rice crops inwards a champaign too also the nut. In addition, also planted corn, saccharide cane, gambier, coconut, type bulbs, nuts, rubber, too rattan. Rice yields inwards Bengkulu mostly but plenty for their ain needs. Besides farming, they also similar to hunt animals too have got a hard working spirit.In Koloniaal Verslag 1880, reported that the most advanced agriculture inwards 1879 is inwards subdivision Manna, Kaur, too especially inwards Krui located inwards the south. It was also reported that the resident subdivision Manna too Kaur left welfare when compared with residents inwards the subdivision Krui. Meanwhile, the poorest subdivision inwards the areas of Bengkulu is a subdivision Seluma residency. The population inwards rural areas are to a greater extent than fertile natural conditions, inwards 1879 the population increasingly busy planting java too rice. Also inwards Seluma, the population also appears to start opening the java farms too pepper inwards the highlands (Koloniale Verslag, 1880). For the results of existing plantation inwards Bengkulu, alongside others, are: coffee, cloves, pepper, nutmeg, wheat turkey, gambier, saccharide cane, coconut, areca nut, tobacco, cotton, potatoes, beans, indigo, too tamarind trees.Di subdivision working capital alphabetic lineament of Bengkulu, the population earns a meager living trading, fishing, too porters. In addition, inwards the capital, at that topographic point are also the builders, alongside others: carpenters, Fe Pande, Pande gilded too silver, masons, too laundress. In rural areas inwards add-on to livelihood every bit a farmer, at that topographic point is also a handyman. Among them: the carpenter, Pande iron, maker of trains, carts, making mats too baskets, every bit good every bit ship carpenters (located inwards Muko-Muko).
In some areas at that topographic point are also women who brand pots from clay craft. In addition, inwards Muko-Muko seems some people who brand a diversity of objects from the sap, such every bit washing equipment, cigarette makers, stuff lubricants. However, they are working only if at that topographic point is an monastic state only.Therefore, inwards Bengkulu nigh the manufacture inwards 1875 was non found, too therefore no stair out reward there, although at that topographic point is wage based on compatibility. According to reports about the twelvemonth 1875-1877, the reward of workers both for the Europeans, Foreign Orientals, too the natives are every bit follows:Wage workers ranged from f 0.75-f 1.25 a day. When compared to the wage worker inwards Palembang inwards Bengkulu, the lower, because inwards Kilkenny wage worker would average 2.50 per twenty-four hours f-f 1 Day laborers inwards the working capital alphabetic lineament of Bengkulu have reward ranging from f-f 0.40 0.65 per day, whereas inwards the interior received reward ranging from f-f 0.25 too 0.40 per twenty-four hours lower than inwards the capital. As for every bit porters carry if the piece of work appears to present better, too therefore the wage volition increment to 0.75 f-f 1 a day.
Several inquiry questions posed include:
- How does traditional Chinese merchandise developments inwards Bengkulu inwards the belatedly eighteenth century to the early on nineteenth century?
- What nigh social interaction too settlement model Chinatown inwards Bengkulu inwards the belatedly eighteenth century to the early on nineteenth century?
- How economical evolution too societal modify inwards Bengkulu inwards the belatedly eighteenth century to the early on nineteenth century?
RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses historical method which includes iv stages. The outset phase is a heuristic, namely to collect historical sources via search archives, too library research. The minute phase is critical, ie cheque the authenticity too validity of the source derived. The tertiary phase is the interpretation of the interpretation of the information therefore every bit to obtain the facts of history. The quaternary phase is the historiography, which presents the facts obtained inwards the cast of historical writing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the study of world history nosotros know that the procedure of colonization inwards everywhere, everything begins with the activities of trade, economical domination too and therefore increasing to a mastery of politics. So that was happening inwards the areas of Bengkulu. The growth of industrialization inwards Europe, specially inwards the nineteenth century affected the evolution of the city. The entry of unusual individual working capital alphabetic lineament especially since 1870 every bit a milestone inwards the implementation of a liberal economy.
Foreign individual entrepreneurs to invest inwards plantations, alongside others. Industrialization demanded plantation infrastructure evolution including telecommunication too shipping lines of communication which of class volition greatly touching on the growth of the city. Trade too Industry also rose to go 1 of the line factors too drivers of immigration. The unusual immigrants such every bit Europe, Arabia, Republic of Republic of India every bit good every bit Cathay entered the Netherlands East Indies.The Chinese companies engaged inwards the sector intermediaries such every bit a distributor, agent, too sales of commodities inwards the domestic merchandise inwards medium too little scale. In addition, Chinese individual grouping is nonetheless inwards chartering a authorities monopoly of commodity sales, which inwards the nineteenth century tended to increment too expand. Among them is the increment inwards sales of opium or opium pacht the greater the book too marketing areas to inland areas. Economic activity yesteryear the Chinese inwards Republic of Indonesia during the colonial era is moving too expanding rapidly.
At outset only every bit middlemen betwixt European traders with producers of commodity goods inwards this instance the indigenous population. Gradually almost all the cycles of economical activity is dominated yesteryear the Chinese who are tenacious too diligent. Besides, the opportunities presented yesteryear the colonial authorities to monopolize sure goods.Various regulations have got been made the colonial authorities to set the Chinese on a item position. Wisdom of the colonial authorities was assessed yesteryear Skinner every bit a reflection of the wisdom of uncertainty. During the nineteenth century the Chinese people must alive inwards the middle of the urban center that have got been determined too tin non live gratis to go without the permission of the Dutch government. These restrictions expire simultaneously with the increasing moving ridge of Chinese migrants after World War I (G. William Skinner, inwards Mely G. Tan, 1979: 5).
In District of Bengkulu, at that topographic point are 2 systems of authorities that is indigenous too European territorial which sometimes overlap, but both stay nether the authorization of a resident. As a victim of the wisdom that is therefore erratic this subdivision discusses the topographic point of the Chinese people inwards Bengkulu Residency whether it is reflected inwards the legal domicile, citizenship, too civil status. The colonial authorities strictly dissever lodge into iii classes, namely: the top strata were European, E of foreigners, including Cathay are inwards the middle, too the natives are inwards the bottom layer. In 1919 a police clit officeholder class was divided into 2 parts, each class of Chinese police clit too class rather than Chinese police clit officeholder (See Amen Budiman, 1979:49). Discrimination against the Chinese inwards add-on to the decision of residence (wijken stelsel) too the go permit arrangement (passen stelsel) also at that topographic point are sure restrictions that the Chinese are genuinely rattling painful.The police clit applies to people who are dissimilar from European police clit for the Chinese too Arabs, patch the 2 laws are slightly dissimilar from the laws that apply to the natives. Legal issues concerning the civil status of the Chinese is a complicated legacy of colonial times. Law too colonial direction inwards the nineteenth century is assumed that all people including the Chinese who were born inwards the Netherlands too the regions of the colony every bit the burghers Dutch Country (Onderdaan) fifty-fifty for statistical purposes too direction of the Chinese people were classified every bit unusual E therefore that legal discrimination is rattling painful too detrimental to the Chinese.Indeed Earth economic scheme (trade) opened a novel modern too the attending of the Chinese after the 18th century. Although previously have got long known that the Chinese nomads every bit middlemen. However, every bit previously described their role is rattling small, but every bit retailers too intermediaries to the exterior world. Dutch presence speedily strengthen the economical motives of people overseas inwards the champaign of merchandise intermediaries.
According to the 1930 Verslag Indisch brokerage is a "link" betwixt the importers on the 1 manus too little traders too consumers on the other. In this instance the merchandise intermediary distribution too after every bit the "eyes of the Chain" betwixt exporters from the results of population production. In this instance involves the collection of merchandise intermediaries (Indisch Verslag ,1990:193-218).
While Liem Twan Djie to a greater extent than to consider the province of affairs inwards Java inwards item too to deviate from the restrictions that are commonly used inwards the west, the merchandise intermediary intended every bit a trading branch into the link betwixt large-scale merchandise too or manufacture on the 1 manus too little merchandise or consumer population, each manufacturer on the other (Liem Twan Djie, 1995: 19).Referring to the Definition above, too therefore the broker inwards this instance is the Chinese people every bit an intermediary betwixt producers too consumers of raw materials inwards the collection of trade. Intermediary role hither vary, they tin serve buyers, processors, importers, contractors, suppliers, too distributors (Donald Earl Willmott, 1960:45). In this instance these functions are oftentimes combined inwards 1 or 2 companies (airlines trade).Traditionally, Chinese middlemen role is to collect farm hit too submit to major exporters shipped to Europe too other places or to live transported to markets inwards other parts of Indonesia.
At the fourth dimension of the VOC, the Chinese people go intermediaries betwixt the indigenous population too the VOC (Ibid: 46).From the outset days of the Dutch East Indies Company, the discriminatory policy of the Netherlands to strengthen the topographic point of the Chinese people every bit an intermediary for the economic scheme too practically to exclude indigenous merchant class. The instance inwards Banten tin live used every bit a reference. Netherlands yesteryear way of the hands of Chinese traders, for example, managed to corner the pepper merchandise routes that had previously been controlled inwards Banten. In this instance used every bit a tool is to play the currency central charge per unit of measurement used inwards the traffic merchandise (A. Made Tony Supriatna, 1996:70). Chinese traders who had long held the monetary authorization to create too circulate picis currency, ie currency made of Pb too treated every bit a medium of exchange. VOC every bit a articulation company of Dutch trade, central toying picis, yesteryear controlling the raw materials too impose only the instantly merchandise with the VOC into a profitable transaction.
The line a fast 1 on is to impose dual monetary system, therefore that the VOC is a political party that wins. Meanwhile, Chinese merchants every bit middlemen also practice non behavior the loss.From 1885 Bengkulu was nether political too economical domination of England, inwards this instance run yesteryear the East Republic of Republic of India merchandise fleet (the East Republic of Republic of India Company, abbreviated EIC), based inwards Madras, India. The British originally came every bit traders, but too therefore became the local rulers to sign a merchandise understanding or a contestation pepper pepper willingness to grow, fifty-fifty inwards the environs regulates the life of society. In add-on to agreements, the United Kingdom of Great Britain too Northern Ireland of Britain too Northern Republic of Ireland is also expanding its power. Expansion to the N of Bengkulu, alongside others: Muko-Muko, Bintuhan, Lais, Ketahun, Seblat, too Pillows. While the expansion into the expanse due south of Bengkulu, alongside others: Manna, Kaur too Krui. This British expansion using mercenaries coming from Bugis (Bugis Corps) too the Bengal (India).
For defence too safety too merchandise interests, the British built forts (Fort York too Fort Marlborough), business solid colonial officials, populace roads, markets, too shops.Besides bringing people from other areas such every bit Java, Ambon, too the Bugis, the United Kingdom of Great Britain too Northern Ireland of Britain too Northern Republic of Ireland also convey inwards people from the French, Portuguese, Chinese, too Indian (Sipahi) every bit good every bit armed forces manpower to aid the British colonists. The entire population of the expanse of Bengkulu inwards 1823 from N to due south until the Krui of unopen to 18 000 Life (ABLapian too Soewadji S, 1984:95). British ability inwards Bengkulu until 1824, a outcome of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom of Great Britain too Northern Ireland of Britain too Northern Republic of Ireland must submit to the Dutch Bengkulu. Since 1824 until 1942 Bengkulu nether the authorization of the Dutch colonists.Geographically, the expanse of Bengkulu allowing for merchandise too agriculture, also known every bit a producer of export commodities, such every bit pepper, coffee, cloves, too other wood products.
The beingness of facilities inwards the cast of body of body of water port that tin accommodate the flow of goods from all over the Indonesian Ocean, making it 1 of the factors for people from other regions too unusual nations to come upwards to the expanse of Bengkulu. For farther with a lack of progress inwards shipping through state relations inwards the early on twentieth century, too therefore yesteryear the construction of highways, making it easier than people from other regions to come upwards to the expanse of Bengkulu.The people who come upwards to the expanse from Bengkulu too West Sumatra Palembang, most of them are coming to the business organization trade. Among them at that topographic point were persistent too later assimilated with the native population.
While migrants from Java too the Sunda, their arrival is intended to piece of work mostly agricultural land.The arrival of people from various regions alter the demographic construction inwards Bengkulu. The beingness of those who blend inwards too assimilate for certain live devastating for indigenous people inwards Bengkulu inwards damage of religion, civilisation mapun inwards other cases inwards damage of faith for example, the traders, especially from Padang too Palembang.Residents of Bengkulu tin live divided into two, namely the indigenous too the immigrant population. The natives are known at that topographic point every bit follows: Rejang tribe, ethnic Serawai, too Malay ethnicity. Rejang tribe known every bit the most numerous, they are scattered mainly inwards onderafdeling Rejang, Lebong, Bengkulu, too Seluma. Ethnic groups are spread mainly inwards onderafdeling Serawai Manna, Seluma, too Kaur. Meanwhile, many Malay tribes inhabiting the coastal areas, urban areas, too the bulk are located inwards the working capital alphabetic lineament of Bengkulu. In add-on to the iii tribes of the above, at that topographic point are also tribes that may live a fraction of these iii tribes.
Ethnic groups are ethnic Lembak (in Padang Ulak duel), Muko-Muko, Kaur, too Pasemah.Indigenous peoples inhabit a part that tin live differentiated into the iii characteristics, namely: 1). The hills, they are a niggling hit rice too pepper (pepper), 2). Valley region, alongside others, from the hinterland of the highlands of Rejang, from Ulu Pasemah manna inwards Manna, inwards Seluma, inwards Kaur too inwards Krui. They mostly pepper growers, 3). Coastal areas, they are living inwards the expanse marketplace whose activities revolve about the market. However, some also are derived from various groups of immigrants (J. Kathirythamby-Well, 1977:16).
The tribes known rejang the most numerous, at the fourth dimension of Dutch colonial authorities divided into three, namely: who inhabit onderafdeling Lebong named Rejang Rejang Musi too Lembak, too that inhabit onderafdeling Lais too Bengkulu named Coastal Rejang. Rejang tribe came from iv Petulai Petulai too each headed yesteryear a leader who is called the Rejang Ajai. Ajai give-and-take is derived from the give-and-take majai, which way the leader of a human lodge (Abdullah Siddik, 1980:32).Population mostly farming livelihood. As for those who alive close the beach is to a greater extent than fun to fish. Incompatibility of state for agriculture too depression fertility inwards some areas therefore at that topographic point is malaria too abdominal pain. Most of the rice grown on dry out state fields too at that topographic point is also inwards the marshland, where at that topographic point is too watery rice fields, especially inwards the Rejang too Lebong which there, inwards all river valleys Ketahun di Lebong converted into rice fields.
In add-on to the rice part of agricultural crops, the population is also growing java grown inwards mountainous areas, tobacco every bit a minute crop after rice crops inwards a champaign too also the nut. In addition, also planted corn, saccharide cane, gambier, coconut, type bulbs, nuts, rubber, too rattan. Rice yields inwards Bengkulu mostly but plenty for their ain needs. Besides farming, they also similar to hunt animals too have got a hard working spirit.In Koloniaal Verslag 1880, reported that the most advanced agriculture inwards 1879 is inwards subdivision Manna, Kaur, too especially inwards Krui located inwards the south. It was also reported that the resident subdivision Manna too Kaur left welfare when compared with residents inwards the subdivision Krui. Meanwhile, the poorest subdivision inwards the areas of Bengkulu is a subdivision Seluma residency. The population inwards rural areas are to a greater extent than fertile natural conditions, inwards 1879 the population increasingly busy planting java too rice. Also inwards Seluma, the population also appears to start opening the java farms too pepper inwards the highlands (Koloniale Verslag, 1880). For the results of existing plantation inwards Bengkulu, alongside others, are: coffee, cloves, pepper, nutmeg, wheat turkey, gambier, saccharide cane, coconut, areca nut, tobacco, cotton, potatoes, beans, indigo, too tamarind trees.Di subdivision working capital alphabetic lineament of Bengkulu, the population earns a meager living trading, fishing, too porters. In addition, inwards the capital, at that topographic point are also the builders, alongside others: carpenters, Fe Pande, Pande gilded too silver, masons, too laundress. In rural areas inwards add-on to livelihood every bit a farmer, at that topographic point is also a handyman. Among them: the carpenter, Pande iron, maker of trains, carts, making mats too baskets, every bit good every bit ship carpenters (located inwards Muko-Muko).
In some areas at that topographic point are also women who brand pots from clay craft. In addition, inwards Muko-Muko seems some people who brand a diversity of objects from the sap, such every bit washing equipment, cigarette makers, stuff lubricants. However, they are working only if at that topographic point is an monastic state only.Therefore, inwards Bengkulu nigh the manufacture inwards 1875 was non found, too therefore no stair out reward there, although at that topographic point is wage based on compatibility. According to reports about the twelvemonth 1875-1877, the reward of workers both for the Europeans, Foreign Orientals, too the natives are every bit follows:Wage workers ranged from f 0.75-f 1.25 a day. When compared to the wage worker inwards Palembang inwards Bengkulu, the lower, because inwards Kilkenny wage worker would average 2.50 per twenty-four hours f-f 1 Day laborers inwards the working capital alphabetic lineament of Bengkulu have reward ranging from f-f 0.40 0.65 per day, whereas inwards the interior received reward ranging from f-f 0.25 too 0.40 per twenty-four hours lower than inwards the capital. As for every bit porters carry if the piece of work appears to present better, too therefore the wage volition increment to 0.75 f-f 1 a day.
Regular employees on the Europeans have got wage betwixt f 10-f xv per calendar month plus mealsThe clerk at the Chinese native received about f 25-f thirty per calendar month (Almegeen Verslag 0.1816-1878).In addition, at that topographic point are also a few craftsmen inwards the areas of Bengkulu, although non therefore much. In Mesifit (7 km from the marketplace Lais) at that topographic point is the fine art of weaving every bit good every bit a knife maker too the tip of the spear. According to a written report inwards 1875 many women inwards Bengkulu have on stuff made from the weaving itself, except inwards Muko-Muko subdivision where at that topographic point are weaving too arts and crafts activities of other women are non heard. This is reasonable, considering the women at that topographic point have got to aid piece of work the fields too commonly they practice heavy work. Weaving arts and crafts inwards Bengkulu done mainly yesteryear immature girls. The outcome of weaving they are commonly rattling rough, but strong. In add-on to his ain occupation inwards the cast of wearable or gloves, the outcome of weaving they are also for sale.
The outcome of weaving that are sold are rattling unique, ie, inwards a few pieces of wearable decorated with the decoration of silk. Silk is obtained from silk that left alone, sometimes woven cloth is also adorned with gilded thread, to the results of such a rattling high resale value (Algemeen Verslag 0.1876-1877).a. Changes inwards Demographic StructureAccording to reports, the natural population growth areas of Bengkulu Residency is non therefore fast. From the vast expanse that is 24,000 foursquare kilometers, L. C. Memorie van Overgavenya Westenenk inwards 1921 (Memorie van Overgave, 1921), notes that inwards 1919 a full population of 228,451 inhabitants. This way every km, the average volition only live occupied yesteryear nine people.
Delayed growth too evolution of this population tin live made possible because of problems inwards the areas of revenue, especially inwards the champaign of wellness care. This is due to the aid too assistance from wellness professionals was lacking. Lack of nutrition too wellness attention every bit a drive of the large number of people who died inwards childhood too former age. Another number that also drive a delay of the natural growth of population is the difficulty inwards damage of marriage.The aborigines are the people from various tribes inwards Bengkulu too the largest number of tribes Rejang. According to a written report inwards 1920, the grouping (tribe) which is the main indigenous people Rejang of 69,000 people (mainly scattered inwards onderafdeling Rejang, Lebong, Bengkulu, too Seluma), spare Pasemah many every bit 18,000 people (who are spread inwards the part upstream onderafdeling Manna, Seluma, too Kaur), spare Serawai sebayak 55,000 people (spread over onderafdeling Manna, Seluma, too Kaur), Lampung many every bit 29,500 groups of people scattered inwards onderafdeling Krui too Kaur, patch also groups of people Minangkabau Muko-Muko. While migrants from Java too Sunda inwards the expanse of migration Kepahiang, Curup, too Muara Aman, too migrants from Java too the Sunda who came every bit contract workers plantation too European trade. In the calendar month of Nov 1920 amounted to xiii 500 people. The grouping of the population exists inwards some cities, hamlets too gutters are scattered close the bay too port, along a item highway, inwards the foothills too mountains, too non far from the river mouth.The rapid ascent inwards population after 1990 is caused yesteryear several things, namely:
Regarding the Sundanese people inwards the expanse Lebong, inwards add-on to rice cultivators them every bit colonists, they also every bit laborers inwards the mining society Rejang Lebong.Colonization of the outset occurred inwards 1908, ie yesteryear the authorities to convey the population of Javanese too Sundanese. The outset arrival of the colonists of this (particularly the Sundanese) brought to onderafdeling Rejang every bit agricultural colonists. As a outcome of onderafdeling appears iii villages which too therefore grow too succeed inwards the champaign of agriculture, namely: Water Simpang village, Kampung Permoe, too Kampung Talang Seed. Rejang onderafdeling agricultural colony was later also opened inwards Lubuk Mumpo inwards 1922 (Brief Gouvernemen Secretarie No.2096/20, thirty July 1929)The colony of Java that emerged inwards onderafdeling Lebong outset was inwards 1911 that is called "Sukabumi", too later inwards 1919 called "New Magelang" (they were taken from Kutoarjo / part Residency Magelang), patch "Garut" inwards 1931 (as contract laborers inwards the various plantations).
This novel Magelang colonists outset arrived every bit many every bit 44 families, including wives too children. In 1928 at that topographic point are nonetheless experimental colonization contract workers (from the Pekalongan) inwards the expanse of plantations inwards onderafdeling Rejang, the settlement is betwixt Kepahiang too Curup.Colonization di onderafdeling Lebong mainly located inwards the valley Ketahun with agricultural colonists, for the outset of 300 families located inwards areas such Ketahun Valley. The presence of soil at that topographic point is rattling skilful for rice farming. The state suitable for opened upwards fields available inwards the 3,000 shoulder. For the colonists, the state which provided at to the lowest degree 1 shoulder per family, patch also spacious yard. Colonization of the authorities inwards Lebong every bit the total is expected to live a stimulant for the beingness of spontaneous colonization.Agriculture inwards Bengkulu mainly are rice, but the rice was originally non a commodity of trade, because people commonly only plenty rice to run into their ain needs. In add-on to rice, crops such every bit maize, beans, Biyang (names of plants containing oil) too sweetness yesteryear residents were also developed to complement the demand for adequate nutrient if they sense failure inwards rice cultivation. Incompatibility of state for agriculture too depression fertility, resulting inwards partial areas experiencing famine too epidemics. According to authorities reports published inwards Koloniaal Verslag pitiable harvest inwards 1910 inwards the subdivision Manna, Krui, Ipuh Market, too Market cushion, resulting inwards nutrient shortages (Koloniaal Verslag, 1911).
The topographic point of economical ascendancy of ethnic Chinese too fairly recognized. It tin live seen, alongside others, is to a greater extent than probable for the average Chinese soul to alive inwards a business solid wall, has a car, teach a skilful didactics too alive inwards cities than inwards the indigenous population. No prove of Chinese command of the Indonesian economic scheme every bit the Netherlands earlier 1957. But inwards fact the Chinese are mostly to a greater extent than affluent than the average native population.Bengkulu indigenous people's lives too the Chinese inwards the procedure of assimilation is influenced yesteryear several factors. Factors supporting the assimilation of tolerance, honor for foreigners too their culture, similarities inwards the cultural elements of society, mixed marriages.
The equation of cultural elements betwixt indigenous people too the Chinese Bengkulu them inwards language, technology scientific discipline systems (architecture of the house), too livelihood systems (batik). The occupation of Malay linguistic communication inwards daily life yesteryear the Chinese is their business organization to live able to mingle too socialize with the natives.The style of Chinese to settle inwards urban centers, the affected because the urban center centre are commonly also serves every bit a trading centre too topographic point of government. So also inwards Bengkulu, the Chinese people mostly lived inwards trading centers are located inwards downtown inwards an expanse of Chinatown. Netherlands Indies authorities deliberately set Chinese people inwards a settlement with the aim that the Chinese community is slow to live coordinated too back upwards too assistance the Netherlands inwards many respects. In Bengkulu expanse inhabited yesteryear many Chinese people, the Dutch East Indies authorities already provides a habitation to live occupied, which is commonly called the Chinese village. Until the reign of the Dutch East Indies, the bulk of Chinese people inwards Bengkulu nonetheless living inwards sure cities, especially cities inwards the coastal region, every bit inwards the coastal town of Bengkulu.Various regulations have got been made the colonial authorities to set the Chinese on a item position. In District of Bengkulu, at that topographic point are 2 systems of authorities that is indigenous too European territorial which sometimes overlap, but both stay nether the authorization of a resident. Legal issues concerning the civil status of Chinese people is the legacy of colonial times. Law too colonial direction inwards nineteenth century idea all Chinese people including those who were born inwards the Netherlands too the regions of the colony every bit the Dutch State subjects.
CONCLUSION
Research results revealed that the menses of colonialism for centuries has bequeathed to Republic of Indonesia an economical construction dominated yesteryear unusual companies too Chinese traders. Large companies owned yesteryear Westerners, especially the Dutch dominated fields, such every bit plantations, mining, unusual trade, industry, too banking. Virtually all large companies are inwards the hands of the Dutch, patch ethnic Chinese grouping that became master copy secondary sector intermediary betwixt unusual companies with the natives. The grouping of Chinese merchants of this little industrial command too accommodate the little farmers every bit good every bit traffic command most activities of little traders. Not to the lowest degree because during the Dutch occupation, the Indonesian people are educated to go workers too civil servants only, patch those given a peril too nurtured to go traders too businessmen are mainly Chinese class.
The Chinese companies engaged inwards the sector intermediaries such every bit a distributor, agent, too sales of commodities inwards the domestic merchandise inwards medium too little scale. In addition, Chinese individual grouping is nonetheless inwards chartering a authorities monopoly of commodity sales, which inwards the nineteenth century tended to increment too expand. Among them is the increment inwards sales of opium or opium pacht the greater the book too marketing areas to inland areas.
REFERENCES
Archives / Documents
Door Afscrift E. Francis. 1829. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Commentative Digest of the Laws of the Natives of That Part of the Coast of Sumatra Immediately Dependent on the Settlement of Fort Marlborough too Practised inwards the Court of the Presidency. RI National Archives B/13
B: 2 / 5: Algemeen Verslag van de Assistant Resident Benkoelen Over de Jaren 1848 en 1849. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu
B: 3 / 19: Administratief Algemeen Verslag van de Assistant Resident Benkoelen Over Het Jaar 1872. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu
B: 3 / 20: Administratief Algemeen Verslag van de Assistant Resident Benkoelen Over Het Jaar 1873. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu
Resident Assistant Koloniaal Der Verslag Over Het Jaar 1880 Benkoelen
Resident Assistant Koloniaal Der Verslag Over Het Jaar 1911 Benkoelen
Kort Overzigt Vanden Handel en te Scheepvaart Benkoelen Over de Manna. Junij 1878. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu No. 4 / 33
Memorie van Overgave (MvO) Resident C. Van de Velde. Bengkulu. July 24, 1909. ANRI: Reel MvO 2e Serie No. 2
Memorie van Overgave (MvO) Resident W. G. Swaag. Rejang. May 9, 1913
Reference Books
Biok Tjhan, Siauw. 1984. Five-day embodiment of Fair Integration. Jakarta-Amsterdam: Lotus
B. Lapian, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 & Soewadji. S (ed). 1984. Bengkulu Regional Social History. Jakarta: MOEC
Budiman, Amen. 1979. Chinese Muslim community inwards Indonesia. Semarang: Tanjung Sari
Brown, A. R. Racliffe. 1965. Function inwards Primitive Society. New York: The Free Press
Colombijn, Freek. 1994. Pathces of Bengkulu: History of an Indonesian Town In The Twentieth Century too The Use of Urban Space. Den Haag: News Publication
Djayadingingrat, Hoesin. 1983. Critics Top History of Banten. London: Djambatan
G. Tan, Mely. (Ed). 1979. Group of Ethnic Chinese inwards Indonesia: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Problem of National Unity Development. Jakarta: PT. Scholastic
Harfield, Alan. 1995. Bencoolen: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of The Honourable East Republic of Republic of India Company's Barrison on the West Coast of Sumatra, 1685-1825. Wiltshire: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 And Partnersip
Kartodirjo, Sartono. 1982. Approach Methodology of Social Sciences inwards History. New York: Scholastic
_______. & Suryo, Djoko. 1991. History of Gardening inwards Indonesian Socio-Economic Review. Yogyakarta: Aditya Media
Kathirithamby-Wells, J. 1965. The British West Sumatran Presidency 1760-1785. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press
Koentjaraningrat. 1986. Methods Research Society. New York: Scholastic
_______. 1980. Introduction to Anthropology. New York: New Script
Kuntowijoyo. 1995. Introduction to History. London: Span
Marsden, William. 1999. History of Sumatra. Bandung: PT. Teens Rosdakarya
_______. The History of Sumatra. 1966. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Nahuijs, Colonel. 1828. Briven over Bencoolen, Padang, het Rijk van Menangkabaouw, Rhiouw, Singapoera, en Poulo Pinang. Breda: F.B Hollingerus Pijpers
Purcell, Victor. 1951. The Chinese inwards Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press
Ranni, M.Z. 1990. Resistance Against Colonialism too the Struggle for Indonesian Independence on world Enforcing Bengkulu. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Riklef, M. C. 1989. History of Modern Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press
R. Vleming, J. 1989. Networks Corp. too Speculation: Cathay Business Network. London: P.T. Temprit
Schrieke, B. 1960. Indonesian Sociological Studies 1. Bandung: Bandung Wells
Siddik, Abdullah. 1996. Bengkulu History 1500-1990. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Singarimbun, Masri & Effendi, Sofian. 1995. Survey Research Methods. London: LP3ES
Liem Siu, Yu. 2000. Prejudice Against Ethnic Chinese, an essence. London: Djambatan
Skinner, G. W. 1963. The Chinese Minority Indonesia. Ruth M.C. Vey (ed): New Haven
Soekanto, Soerjono. 1983. Some Sociological Theory About Community Structure. London: C.V. Hawk
Suryadinata, Leo. 1984. Peranakan Chinese politics inwards Java, 1917-1942. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan
Twan Djie, Liem. 1995. Trade Intermediary Distribution of Chinese People inwards Java: An Economic Study. London: P.T. Gramedia Pustaka General
Untoro Drajat, Heriyanti. 1995. Trust The Chinese inwards Indonesia, Research Report. Jakarta: UI's Faculty of Literature
Van der Hoeven, Pruys. 1864. Een Woord Over Sumatra inwards Brieven Verzameld. Rotterdam: Martinus-Nijhoff
Van Kempen, P.N. 1861. Aadrijkskundig Statistisch Woorden en Boek van Nederlandsch-Indie. deel 1. Amsterdam
Vinne, van der L. 1843. Benkoelen zoo als het is, em de Benkoelezen zoo zijn als zij. TNI. Vijfde, Jaargang. deel. II. Batavia: Ter Land-Drukkerij
Vlekke, Bernand H.M. 1965. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of Indonesian archipelago. The Hague: W. Van Hoeve ltd
Wibowo, I. 1999. Retrospection too Rekonlekstualisasi Cathay Problem. Jakarta: PT. Scholastic
Wink, P. 1924. Eenige Archiefstukken Betreffende de Bevestiging van de Engelsche Factorij te Benkoelen inwards 1685. TBG. Deel. LXIV. Batavia: Albrecht & Co.
_______. 1924. De Bronnen van Marsden's Adatbesschrijving van Sumatra. BKI. Dell. 80. S-Gravenhage: Martinus-Nijhoff
Wuisman, J.J.J. 1985. Sociale Verandering inwards Bengkulu Een Cultuur-Sociologische Analyse. Dordrecht Holland: Foris Publications
Articles
Harfield, Alan. 1995. Bencoolen: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of The Honourable East Republic of Republic of India Company's Barrison on the West Coast of Sumatra, 1685-1825. Wiltshire: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 And Partnersip
The outcome of weaving that are sold are rattling unique, ie, inwards a few pieces of wearable decorated with the decoration of silk. Silk is obtained from silk that left alone, sometimes woven cloth is also adorned with gilded thread, to the results of such a rattling high resale value (Algemeen Verslag 0.1876-1877).a. Changes inwards Demographic StructureAccording to reports, the natural population growth areas of Bengkulu Residency is non therefore fast. From the vast expanse that is 24,000 foursquare kilometers, L. C. Memorie van Overgavenya Westenenk inwards 1921 (Memorie van Overgave, 1921), notes that inwards 1919 a full population of 228,451 inhabitants. This way every km, the average volition only live occupied yesteryear nine people.
Delayed growth too evolution of this population tin live made possible because of problems inwards the areas of revenue, especially inwards the champaign of wellness care. This is due to the aid too assistance from wellness professionals was lacking. Lack of nutrition too wellness attention every bit a drive of the large number of people who died inwards childhood too former age. Another number that also drive a delay of the natural growth of population is the difficulty inwards damage of marriage.The aborigines are the people from various tribes inwards Bengkulu too the largest number of tribes Rejang. According to a written report inwards 1920, the grouping (tribe) which is the main indigenous people Rejang of 69,000 people (mainly scattered inwards onderafdeling Rejang, Lebong, Bengkulu, too Seluma), spare Pasemah many every bit 18,000 people (who are spread inwards the part upstream onderafdeling Manna, Seluma, too Kaur), spare Serawai sebayak 55,000 people (spread over onderafdeling Manna, Seluma, too Kaur), Lampung many every bit 29,500 groups of people scattered inwards onderafdeling Krui too Kaur, patch also groups of people Minangkabau Muko-Muko. While migrants from Java too Sunda inwards the expanse of migration Kepahiang, Curup, too Muara Aman, too migrants from Java too the Sunda who came every bit contract workers plantation too European trade. In the calendar month of Nov 1920 amounted to xiii 500 people. The grouping of the population exists inwards some cities, hamlets too gutters are scattered close the bay too port, along a item highway, inwards the foothills too mountains, too non far from the river mouth.The rapid ascent inwards population after 1990 is caused yesteryear several things, namely:
- Concerning indigenous people, the outcome of the merger too Rejang Lebong controller expanse inwards 1904 every bit many every bit 32 000 (originally was part of the residency of Palembang too and therefore inserted into the residency of Bengkulu)
- Regarding the Chinese too Europeans, due to the opening of a individual gilded mining inwards the expanse Lebong too some of them are also a task contract
- The beingness of the business organization of colonization (agriculture, plantation, too mining) from the Dutch
Regarding the Sundanese people inwards the expanse Lebong, inwards add-on to rice cultivators them every bit colonists, they also every bit laborers inwards the mining society Rejang Lebong.Colonization of the outset occurred inwards 1908, ie yesteryear the authorities to convey the population of Javanese too Sundanese. The outset arrival of the colonists of this (particularly the Sundanese) brought to onderafdeling Rejang every bit agricultural colonists. As a outcome of onderafdeling appears iii villages which too therefore grow too succeed inwards the champaign of agriculture, namely: Water Simpang village, Kampung Permoe, too Kampung Talang Seed. Rejang onderafdeling agricultural colony was later also opened inwards Lubuk Mumpo inwards 1922 (Brief Gouvernemen Secretarie No.2096/20, thirty July 1929)The colony of Java that emerged inwards onderafdeling Lebong outset was inwards 1911 that is called "Sukabumi", too later inwards 1919 called "New Magelang" (they were taken from Kutoarjo / part Residency Magelang), patch "Garut" inwards 1931 (as contract laborers inwards the various plantations).
This novel Magelang colonists outset arrived every bit many every bit 44 families, including wives too children. In 1928 at that topographic point are nonetheless experimental colonization contract workers (from the Pekalongan) inwards the expanse of plantations inwards onderafdeling Rejang, the settlement is betwixt Kepahiang too Curup.Colonization di onderafdeling Lebong mainly located inwards the valley Ketahun with agricultural colonists, for the outset of 300 families located inwards areas such Ketahun Valley. The presence of soil at that topographic point is rattling skilful for rice farming. The state suitable for opened upwards fields available inwards the 3,000 shoulder. For the colonists, the state which provided at to the lowest degree 1 shoulder per family, patch also spacious yard. Colonization of the authorities inwards Lebong every bit the total is expected to live a stimulant for the beingness of spontaneous colonization.Agriculture inwards Bengkulu mainly are rice, but the rice was originally non a commodity of trade, because people commonly only plenty rice to run into their ain needs. In add-on to rice, crops such every bit maize, beans, Biyang (names of plants containing oil) too sweetness yesteryear residents were also developed to complement the demand for adequate nutrient if they sense failure inwards rice cultivation. Incompatibility of state for agriculture too depression fertility, resulting inwards partial areas experiencing famine too epidemics. According to authorities reports published inwards Koloniaal Verslag pitiable harvest inwards 1910 inwards the subdivision Manna, Krui, Ipuh Market, too Market cushion, resulting inwards nutrient shortages (Koloniaal Verslag, 1911).
The topographic point of economical ascendancy of ethnic Chinese too fairly recognized. It tin live seen, alongside others, is to a greater extent than probable for the average Chinese soul to alive inwards a business solid wall, has a car, teach a skilful didactics too alive inwards cities than inwards the indigenous population. No prove of Chinese command of the Indonesian economic scheme every bit the Netherlands earlier 1957. But inwards fact the Chinese are mostly to a greater extent than affluent than the average native population.Bengkulu indigenous people's lives too the Chinese inwards the procedure of assimilation is influenced yesteryear several factors. Factors supporting the assimilation of tolerance, honor for foreigners too their culture, similarities inwards the cultural elements of society, mixed marriages.
The equation of cultural elements betwixt indigenous people too the Chinese Bengkulu them inwards language, technology scientific discipline systems (architecture of the house), too livelihood systems (batik). The occupation of Malay linguistic communication inwards daily life yesteryear the Chinese is their business organization to live able to mingle too socialize with the natives.The style of Chinese to settle inwards urban centers, the affected because the urban center centre are commonly also serves every bit a trading centre too topographic point of government. So also inwards Bengkulu, the Chinese people mostly lived inwards trading centers are located inwards downtown inwards an expanse of Chinatown. Netherlands Indies authorities deliberately set Chinese people inwards a settlement with the aim that the Chinese community is slow to live coordinated too back upwards too assistance the Netherlands inwards many respects. In Bengkulu expanse inhabited yesteryear many Chinese people, the Dutch East Indies authorities already provides a habitation to live occupied, which is commonly called the Chinese village. Until the reign of the Dutch East Indies, the bulk of Chinese people inwards Bengkulu nonetheless living inwards sure cities, especially cities inwards the coastal region, every bit inwards the coastal town of Bengkulu.Various regulations have got been made the colonial authorities to set the Chinese on a item position. In District of Bengkulu, at that topographic point are 2 systems of authorities that is indigenous too European territorial which sometimes overlap, but both stay nether the authorization of a resident. Legal issues concerning the civil status of Chinese people is the legacy of colonial times. Law too colonial direction inwards nineteenth century idea all Chinese people including those who were born inwards the Netherlands too the regions of the colony every bit the Dutch State subjects.
CONCLUSION
Research results revealed that the menses of colonialism for centuries has bequeathed to Republic of Indonesia an economical construction dominated yesteryear unusual companies too Chinese traders. Large companies owned yesteryear Westerners, especially the Dutch dominated fields, such every bit plantations, mining, unusual trade, industry, too banking. Virtually all large companies are inwards the hands of the Dutch, patch ethnic Chinese grouping that became master copy secondary sector intermediary betwixt unusual companies with the natives. The grouping of Chinese merchants of this little industrial command too accommodate the little farmers every bit good every bit traffic command most activities of little traders. Not to the lowest degree because during the Dutch occupation, the Indonesian people are educated to go workers too civil servants only, patch those given a peril too nurtured to go traders too businessmen are mainly Chinese class.
The Chinese companies engaged inwards the sector intermediaries such every bit a distributor, agent, too sales of commodities inwards the domestic merchandise inwards medium too little scale. In addition, Chinese individual grouping is nonetheless inwards chartering a authorities monopoly of commodity sales, which inwards the nineteenth century tended to increment too expand. Among them is the increment inwards sales of opium or opium pacht the greater the book too marketing areas to inland areas.
REFERENCES
Archives / Documents
Door Afscrift E. Francis. 1829. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Commentative Digest of the Laws of the Natives of That Part of the Coast of Sumatra Immediately Dependent on the Settlement of Fort Marlborough too Practised inwards the Court of the Presidency. RI National Archives B/13
B: 2 / 5: Algemeen Verslag van de Assistant Resident Benkoelen Over de Jaren 1848 en 1849. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu
B: 3 / 19: Administratief Algemeen Verslag van de Assistant Resident Benkoelen Over Het Jaar 1872. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu
B: 3 / 20: Administratief Algemeen Verslag van de Assistant Resident Benkoelen Over Het Jaar 1873. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu
Resident Assistant Koloniaal Der Verslag Over Het Jaar 1880 Benkoelen
Resident Assistant Koloniaal Der Verslag Over Het Jaar 1911 Benkoelen
Kort Overzigt Vanden Handel en te Scheepvaart Benkoelen Over de Manna. Junij 1878. ANRI: Bundle Bengkulu No. 4 / 33
Memorie van Overgave (MvO) Resident C. Van de Velde. Bengkulu. July 24, 1909. ANRI: Reel MvO 2e Serie No. 2
Memorie van Overgave (MvO) Resident W. G. Swaag. Rejang. May 9, 1913
Reference Books
Biok Tjhan, Siauw. 1984. Five-day embodiment of Fair Integration. Jakarta-Amsterdam: Lotus
B. Lapian, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 & Soewadji. S (ed). 1984. Bengkulu Regional Social History. Jakarta: MOEC
Budiman, Amen. 1979. Chinese Muslim community inwards Indonesia. Semarang: Tanjung Sari
Brown, A. R. Racliffe. 1965. Function inwards Primitive Society. New York: The Free Press
Colombijn, Freek. 1994. Pathces of Bengkulu: History of an Indonesian Town In The Twentieth Century too The Use of Urban Space. Den Haag: News Publication
Djayadingingrat, Hoesin. 1983. Critics Top History of Banten. London: Djambatan
G. Tan, Mely. (Ed). 1979. Group of Ethnic Chinese inwards Indonesia: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Problem of National Unity Development. Jakarta: PT. Scholastic
Harfield, Alan. 1995. Bencoolen: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of The Honourable East Republic of Republic of India Company's Barrison on the West Coast of Sumatra, 1685-1825. Wiltshire: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 And Partnersip
Kartodirjo, Sartono. 1982. Approach Methodology of Social Sciences inwards History. New York: Scholastic
_______. & Suryo, Djoko. 1991. History of Gardening inwards Indonesian Socio-Economic Review. Yogyakarta: Aditya Media
Kathirithamby-Wells, J. 1965. The British West Sumatran Presidency 1760-1785. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press
Koentjaraningrat. 1986. Methods Research Society. New York: Scholastic
_______. 1980. Introduction to Anthropology. New York: New Script
Kuntowijoyo. 1995. Introduction to History. London: Span
Marsden, William. 1999. History of Sumatra. Bandung: PT. Teens Rosdakarya
_______. The History of Sumatra. 1966. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Nahuijs, Colonel. 1828. Briven over Bencoolen, Padang, het Rijk van Menangkabaouw, Rhiouw, Singapoera, en Poulo Pinang. Breda: F.B Hollingerus Pijpers
Purcell, Victor. 1951. The Chinese inwards Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press
Ranni, M.Z. 1990. Resistance Against Colonialism too the Struggle for Indonesian Independence on world Enforcing Bengkulu. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Riklef, M. C. 1989. History of Modern Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press
R. Vleming, J. 1989. Networks Corp. too Speculation: Cathay Business Network. London: P.T. Temprit
Schrieke, B. 1960. Indonesian Sociological Studies 1. Bandung: Bandung Wells
Siddik, Abdullah. 1996. Bengkulu History 1500-1990. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Singarimbun, Masri & Effendi, Sofian. 1995. Survey Research Methods. London: LP3ES
Liem Siu, Yu. 2000. Prejudice Against Ethnic Chinese, an essence. London: Djambatan
Skinner, G. W. 1963. The Chinese Minority Indonesia. Ruth M.C. Vey (ed): New Haven
Soekanto, Soerjono. 1983. Some Sociological Theory About Community Structure. London: C.V. Hawk
Suryadinata, Leo. 1984. Peranakan Chinese politics inwards Java, 1917-1942. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan
Twan Djie, Liem. 1995. Trade Intermediary Distribution of Chinese People inwards Java: An Economic Study. London: P.T. Gramedia Pustaka General
Untoro Drajat, Heriyanti. 1995. Trust The Chinese inwards Indonesia, Research Report. Jakarta: UI's Faculty of Literature
Van der Hoeven, Pruys. 1864. Een Woord Over Sumatra inwards Brieven Verzameld. Rotterdam: Martinus-Nijhoff
Van Kempen, P.N. 1861. Aadrijkskundig Statistisch Woorden en Boek van Nederlandsch-Indie. deel 1. Amsterdam
Vinne, van der L. 1843. Benkoelen zoo als het is, em de Benkoelezen zoo zijn als zij. TNI. Vijfde, Jaargang. deel. II. Batavia: Ter Land-Drukkerij
Vlekke, Bernand H.M. 1965. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of Indonesian archipelago. The Hague: W. Van Hoeve ltd
Wibowo, I. 1999. Retrospection too Rekonlekstualisasi Cathay Problem. Jakarta: PT. Scholastic
Wink, P. 1924. Eenige Archiefstukken Betreffende de Bevestiging van de Engelsche Factorij te Benkoelen inwards 1685. TBG. Deel. LXIV. Batavia: Albrecht & Co.
_______. 1924. De Bronnen van Marsden's Adatbesschrijving van Sumatra. BKI. Dell. 80. S-Gravenhage: Martinus-Nijhoff
Wuisman, J.J.J. 1985. Sociale Verandering inwards Bengkulu Een Cultuur-Sociologische Analyse. Dordrecht Holland: Foris Publications
Articles
Harfield, Alan. 1995. Bencoolen: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of The Honourable East Republic of Republic of India Company's Barrison on the West Coast of Sumatra, 1685-1825. Wiltshire: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 And Partnersip
J. M. Nas, Peter. "Introduction: A. General View On Indonesian Town "in Peter J. M. Nas (ed). 1986. The Indonesian City Holland. VSA: Foris Publications
Mackie, J.A.C. 1991. "The Role of Ethnic Identity of Chinese Economic too Republic of Indonesia too Thailand 'in Jennifer Cushman too Wang Bung Wu (ed). Identity Changes inwards The Chinese inwards Southeast Asia. Jakarta: Grafiti Public Library
_______. & Charles A. Coppel. "A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Problems inwards Indonesia" inwards B. P. Paul (ed). 1976. Cathay Issues: Results of Scientific Research inwards Some Asian Countries too Australia. New York: Archipelago Works
Made Tony Supriatna, A. 1996. "Business too Politics of Capitalism too the Chinese grouping inwards Indonesia" inwards Lord of Chinese Economic too Business Strategy. London: Canisius
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* Alumni of History Faculty of Science Department of Literature too Fine Arts UNS
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