| CULTURAL ROOTS OF INDONESIA | The next kutipkan author on the history of the ancestors of Republic of Indonesia from the writings of Mochtar Lubis inward 1986 inward a speech communication titled civilization "Cultural Roots Things We".
Our ancestors is a portion of the human flow that moves inward the past times that receive got been lost every bit a loss of shadow puppet from the hide of history, moving from the Central in addition to Eastern Europe Northern Balkans part about the Black Sea to the east, reaching Asia, into China. And inward China, this natural springtime branches to the north, due east in addition to south.
Flow reached the expanse S of Yunnan, was the eastern reaches Indo Communist People's Republic of China Sea. This is where the birthplace of civilization from Indonesia. Human beings movement in addition to moving to Asia from Central Europe in addition to Balkan part is 1 Tharacia, Iliria, Cimeria, Kakusia, in addition to may include the Teutons, who get their migration inward the ninth century until the eighth century earlier the prophet Jesus. They choose expertise to brand Fe in addition to bronze.
Republic of Indonesia ancestors who receive got been their initiatory of all of the Dong Son expanse has developed without a lot of monumental fine art of decorative ornamentik. From the newcomers, they choose over, accept, in addition to assimilate immigrants ornamentik art-western immigrants from this. Not exclusively inward ornamentik, but also inward the decorative fabrics (so many similarities betwixt the decorative woven Republic of Indonesia in addition to the Balkans, for example), in addition to also inward music in addition to nyayian. Jaap Kunst, an goodness on music, Indonesian music experts also identified similarities nyayian people on the isle of Flores alongside the singing of the people inward the eastern business office of Yugoslavia (Balkan). Dong Son civilization exhibit to a greater extent than similarities in addition to connections alongside European civilization than Chinese culture.
Dong Son ancestor is moving to the south, in addition to and so reached the archipelago. In the archipelago in that location is almost no separation betwixt the bronze historic menstruum in addition to Fe age. This same is truthful inward Indo China. In the earthworks archaeological sites, bronze in addition to Fe are e'er found together. Upper knife-shaped Dong Son many people, similar the keris Majapahit. Upstream cast similar knives were also found inward Holstein (Germany), Danish, in addition to inward the Kauskasus.
However, earlier the ancestors of Dong Son downwardly to the archipelago, groups of other men had arrived first. During the final H2O ice age, some 15,000 years earlier Christ, the history of the world archipelago betoken that most of the western archipelago together alongside mainland Southeast Asia, Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan in addition to the territory which is straightaway the Java sea. When the H2O ice ended, bounding main levels rose again, in addition to forming clusters islands every bit nosotros know it today. Nusantara world history has a large impact on human evolution of the Malayo-Polynesian. They locomote a maritime nation, to a greater extent than or less 1000 years earlier the Prophet Isa megarungi Indian Ocean. The onetime Hebrew manuscripts from the belatedly 2000 in addition to early on 1000 earlier the yr the Prophet Jesus has called the cinnamon merchandise from diverse places along the due east coast of Africa.
An Standard Arabic manuscript from the 13th century to tell the entry of the Malayo-Polynesian people to the western Indian Ocean. The manuscript was told that inward the decline of Fira'un Kingdom inward Egypt, a identify called Aden, which controls the entrance to the Red Sea (which menstruum is the population of fishermen), has been captured past times the Qumr (Malayo-Polynesian) that came alongside the fleet which consists of boats that job the outrigger. They expelled the local population, edifice in addition to maintaining a diversity of monuments direct human relationship alongside the isle of Republic of Madagascar in addition to Southeast Asia. The historians state it may come about inward the fourth dimension of Prophet Jesus is alive. For a long menstruum of Malayo-Polynesian people over shipping in addition to merchandise through the Indian Ocean from Southeast Asia to the door of the Red Sea, along the due east coast of Africa in addition to the isle of Madagascar.
In doing this, they also receive got brought diverse cultural richness to Republic of Madagascar in addition to Africa. In Republic of Madagascar they had settled inward the island's western hemisphere. Are yet seen many similarities betwixt the linguistic communication of words in addition to linguistic communication of Republic of Madagascar Manyaan tribe inward Borneo. To the east, the ancestors of the Malayo-Polynesian was sailing far to the interior of the Pacific, living inward dissimilar islands, in addition to they most easterly attain Easter Island, the isle furthest to the due east of the archipelago.
It is clear that our nation's civilization is rooted deep into prehistory, to the past times that so far, that has disappeared from our national memory. It is also clear that nosotros receive got inherited the civilization of the world inward those days, inward add-on to our ancestors also gave donations to the cultures of other nations across the Indian Ocean, every bit good every bit creating a civilization inward Madagascar, in addition to the isle Pacific Ocean.
Given this back, whether nosotros are now, every bit the direct heir of them, should experience afraid to human face upward the 21st century in addition to beyond? It should not! We receive got to examine yourself real carefully. What our shortcomings now, so nosotros exercise non receive got the ability, courage in addition to inventiveness to exercise the large things for our state in addition to mankind today?
Process through fourth dimension to attain Mesolitik possible Neolithic era some 3500-2500 years earlier the Prophet Jesus. When they began living together inward little communities in addition to began to prepare agriculture in addition to irrigation system. In this era of cultural roots growing consensus Indonesia, because at that fourth dimension in that location has been no caput in addition to king, in addition to all were discussed past times all members of the community, led past times people who are older. Women participate deliberations, in addition to children may attend in addition to participate hearing. In Sakudei tribes inward the Mentawai islands, a Swiss researchers reported that he yet found the onetime tradition that deliberations.
Our cultural roots also grow inward the belief that everything on world has "spirits" themselves. The soul of human is his brother, who tin intermission away from the trunk of a person, in addition to that spirit tin live a disaster inward his adventures exterior of our bodies, which tin crusade the trunk had fallen sick or died. Man must live squeamish inward connexion alongside this spirit world.
Furthermore our ancestors inward the megalithic menstruum that has the concept of human relationship in addition to conflict betwixt the world higher upward in addition to the underworld. In special ceremonies, they construct a megalith, megaliths inward monastic tell to protect the spirit of the dangers that come upward from the underworld, to live a liaison betwixt the living in addition to the dead, in addition to to perpetuate the magical powers of those who built these megaliths megalith - , or for whom the stones were built. Megalith megalith-built to lift the fertility of humans, animals in addition to what they plant, in addition to thence increment the wealth of generations to come.
Megalithic civilization was in addition to so entered past times the Dong Son civilization which took bronze in addition to Fe technology, in addition to give the breath in addition to forcefulness in addition to a novel inventiveness inward the cultural groups inward the archipelago. It is estimated also that the Dong Son civilization alongside rice farming technologies inward the fields. Paddy rice applied scientific discipline to encourage little communities to ameliorate integrate developing in addition to maintaining irrigation systems, planting coordination simultaneously at the same time. In the procedure of history, this the world rice applied scientific discipline has driven the integration procedure of rural communities which until straightaway Republic of Indonesia pedestal of our nation's biggest life. He was also closely associated alongside climate rhythm, coming dry out flavour in addition to rainy season, which deport on the designing of life inward Indonesia. Harvest flavour is nuptials season, for example.
Ancestor worship is 1 of the roots of Indonesian culture. Cosmic thought of the contradiction betwixt the underworld in addition to the world of social organization is reflected inward many of our tribe; line of mothers in addition to fathers line, betwixt 2 hubungann footing of usual involvement taking men in addition to women of 2 tribes for marriage, no 1 makes a higher charge per unit of measurement seat of the other. Each tribe took turns occupying a superior identify in addition to a identify below. These structures tribalism is a machinery inward the direction of democracy, that if nosotros tin prepare a goodness mightiness to the democratic traditions of our nation.
The arrival of Buddhism, Hinduism in addition to Islam, the ascent of feudalism, in addition to in addition to so came the European colonists brought the oppression, in addition to evangelism, in addition to through the Western pedagogy inward all of modern scientific discipline in addition to modern applied scientific discipline has led diverse processes of social, political, economic, in addition to cultural, which ultimately choose people to the province of Republic of Indonesia today.
Old cultural roots so withered in addition to forgotten, although in that location are of them nosotros unknowingly yet asleep inward our subconscious. The ascent of feudalism inward Republic of Indonesia alongside the institution of large in addition to little kingdoms receive got changed the human relationship betwixt mightiness in addition to human or community members. Dutch colonial command scheme in addition to the ruling cast through the onetime feudal aristocracy or Republic of Indonesia has continued the feudal tradition continues inward our society. In fact, after Indonesian independence, relationships characterized feudal values yet going on, so oft nosotros state that nosotros straightaway human face upward the neo-feudalism inward novel forms.
All modern education, Western in addition to Eastern philosophies, ideologies that come upward from the West on human in addition to society. Islam in addition to Christianity are so final layer higher upward the onetime beliefs in addition to values of our cultural roots, past times the mightiness of human sinkritisme Indonesia, all of them accepted inward him without much conflict inward our souls in addition to ourselves.
Something happens inside us, that are culturally incapable of separating 1 from another: what is superstition, where the scientific, where the shadows, where the reality, which is where dreams in addition to reality. In fact, many people are straightaway making scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline so superstitious inward the feel that, people believe that scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline tin solve all human problems inward the world. And in that location who exercise the opposite.
We are so abrupt no longer distinguish what is mistaken in addition to lawful. Therefore, rollicking in addition to total of happiness nosotros brand massive corruption, in addition to non experience guilty at all (Lubis, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We; 1999).
Kebudayan WEST IN INDONESIA
The procedure of acculturation inward Republic of Indonesia seem to live confusing beralir, accelerated past times radical proposals, hampered past times a current of old-fashioned, lost inward the ideologies, but basically viewed the stalk straight: "The things of humanity enjoys all humanity". There is a basic flow spontaneously choose elements of international civilization that clearly exercise goodness positively.
However, on reflection in addition to inward an endeavour to formulate a reaction often, because the category of thinking has non reconcile themselves alongside the novel atmosphere or unusual upgrading. Degrees of acculturation to Western civilization at the starting fourth dimension tin yet live distinguished, in addition to and so live overlapping 1 some other until the plurality, degree, bird in addition to flow that occur simultaneously. Western civilization affects people of Indonesia, layer past times layer, to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than broadly inward (Bakker; 1984).
Is modern Western civilization all the bad in addition to volition mengerogoti our National Cultural ideas? Therefore, nosotros require to formulate a clear Definition of Modern Western Culture. Frans Magnis Suseno inward his volume "Kebudayan Political Philosophy", distinguishes iii types of modern Western culture:
a. Modern Culture Technology
First nosotros must distinguish betwixt the West Kebudayan technologically modern in addition to Modern Culture. Modern technological civilization is the kid of Western culture. However, despite modern technological civilization inward shaping the obvious manifestation of Western culture, children receive got locomote adults in addition to is straightaway getting to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than non-Western inputs, such every bit from Japan.
Tekonologis Modern Culture is something that complex. Simplistic revelations, every bit good every bit judgments of dark in addition to white volition exclusively exhibit kekurangcanggihan mind. Culture is seen non exclusively inward scientific discipline in addition to technology, but the dominant seat taken past times the results of scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline inward world life: the media of communication, agency of physical mobility in addition to transportation, all kinds of household appliances in addition to modern weaponry. Almost every production needs of daily life are involved inward the industry of modern technology.
Modern technological civilization is contradictory. In a for certain feel he is costless of value, neutral. Can live used or not. Usage has no ideological or religious implications. H5N1 secularist in addition to atheist, Liberal Christian, Buddhist, Islamic modernists or Islamic Fundamentalists, fifty-fifty all sorts of New Age in addition to flow of the normal tin in addition to desire to wear, without compromising their faith or belief respectively. Modern technological civilization is instumental prominently.
b. Copies of Modern Culture
Modern technological civilization necessary to distinguish what I would telephone telephone the Culture of Modern Copies. Copies of Modern Culture is manifested inward an surroundings that seems to reverberate kegemerlapan high applied scientific discipline in addition to modernity, but inward fact exclusively covers ownership outward symbols, such every bit a culture, an international airport, a supermarket civilization (mall), in addition to the civilization of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC).
At the international drome is surrounded past times a high-tech results, he moves inward the artificial world: escalators, duty costless store to offering things that await flashy in addition to modern, although non required, non-real atmosphere of an aircraft cabin, all artificial, all the same all over the world, in that location is no inner connection.
Copies of Modern Culture of life of illusion, that the beginning of people inward touching alongside the results of modern technology, he became modern humans. Whereas artificial world that does non contribute anything to our identity. Our identity fifty-fifty to a greater extent than empty because nosotros allow ourselves live driven further. Our tastes, our behavior, selection of clothing, admiration in addition to our assessment of the manipulated, the to a greater extent than nosotros exercise non receive got ourselves. That is why civilization is non real, but artificial, half-breed.
Children Culture Modern Consumerism Replicas is: people addicted to buy, non because he needs, or desire to savor what yous buy, but to purchase it themselves. Blateran Modern civilization is, in addition to fifty-fifty brand us lose the mightiness to savor things seriously. Consumerism agency that nosotros desire to receive got something, but nosotros are increasingly no longer able to savor it. People eat at KFC chicken is non because in that location is to a greater extent than tasty, but because fast nutrient is considered a trendy style human, is a modern in addition to trendy.
c. Culture-Western Culture
We were incorrect when nosotros equate blastern civilization alongside modern Western culture. Blastern civilization was the production of Western culture, but non her heart, non the midpoint in addition to non the key to vitality. He threatened Western culture, every bit he threatens the cultural identity of others, but he has non mencaploknya. Italy, France, spayol, Germany, maybe fifty-fifty the USA yet retain their distinctive cultures of each. Although everywhere people gulp Coca Cola, civilization is non a Coca-Cola culture.
People who just tersenggol chip alongside the simulated Western culture, thereby non receive got to live a modern person. He also had to empathize how Westerners judge, what his ideals almost relationships, what aesthetic gustatory modality in addition to flavor, whether moral beliefs in addition to religious, is to empathize their responsibilities (Suseno; 1992).
INDONESIA CULTURAL SITUATION
In a presentation almost the cultural roots of the higher upward nosotros already know that our ancestors are the ancestors of this state strong in addition to capable of acculturation has been positively so that nosotros tin integrate unusual civilization to lift their ain culture. But nosotros must consider existent how our cultural province of affairs today.
Sajiman Surjohadiprojo civilization inward a speech communication delivered inward the yr 1986 almost persoalah us today, which is less strong capabilities inward human unloose energy out of Indonesia. This resulted inward a lack of resources or mightiness to exercise the follow. Good concept plan, the outcome of a brilliant mind, live in addition to programme in addition to concept lone because less able to brand it happen. Another outcome is the self-discipline in addition to pengendalikan. Weak dependent non because of lack of awareness of rules in addition to regulations, but because it is less able to choose themselves to abide past times the rules in addition to weather condition apply. Mnegeluarkan lack of unloose energy also resulted inward much dependence on others. Independence difficult to regain in addition to receive got an impact inward all aspects of life including leadership in addition to responsibility.
According to him this weakness is the weakness of Culture. This means, the improvement of the weak province that tin exclusively live achieved through a cultural approach. The solution should live through pedagogy inward the broadest feel in addition to the Nation in addition to Character Building (Surjohadiprodjo, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We; 1999).
Mochtar Lubis also inward the same opportunities every bit Cultural Gathering 1986, said that the status of our civilization today is predominantly characterized past times features:
1. Serious contradiction betwixt the assumptions in addition to the moral pretensions of civilization alongside the reality of Pancasila.
2. Hypocrisy.
3. Weakness of creativity.
4. Fuck locomote ethic.
5. Neo-Feudalism.
6. Culture of shame has vanished (Lubis, 1999).
CHALLENGES OF CULTURE INDONESIA
1. Copies of Modern Culture
The challenge actually threaten us is imitation of Modern Culture. He threatened just because non true, is non substantial. Offered are false. Culture that makes us human plastic human without personality, of human isolation, empty people, talkative people.
Modern mixed civilization similar the vampire: he dressed up, receive got a bang-up appeal, he gradually meyedot our original thought of the value, the footing of self-esteem, almost the status. He offers luxury-old luxury nosotros tin non fifty-fifty dream of. He promised the fullness of life, self-consistency, if nosotros desire to halt thinking for yourself, halt making us lose our ain judgments. Finally nosotros ran out of blood, running out of identity. Imitation of modern civilization makes us apart from our ain traditional culture, piece also non touching the existent modern technological civilization (Suseno; 1992)
2. How Feeding, Clothing, in addition to Home
Ki Hajar Dewantara said that, civilization is the human fighting to overcome the job of nature in addition to time. The most cardinal job for human beings is a affair of eating, habiliment in addition to housing. When people are malnourished how he would teach a smart person. When basic needs are met non exclusively how people volition recall ahead in addition to create a bang-up technology. Let lone for it, the problems of our needs greatly deport on the designing of relationships betwixt people. People are willing to pocket in addition to fifty-fifty kill so he could eat a seize alongside teeth of rice. Thus, negligence inward this representative non exclusively impact on poverty, hunger, death, but volition deport on the social-cultural stuff of society.
3. Education the Right Problem
Education is yet a affair of serious line if this state wants to live seen inward the world arena. There is an interesting phenomenon associated alongside this, namely civilization of collaboration alongside education, inward damage of how the existing pedagogy scheme inward it mengintrinsikkan culture. Where in that location is a civilization that became the spirit of our pedagogy scheme to implement.
4. Pursuing Development Progress of Science in addition to Technology
This job started when nosotros reached today is yet a consumer of applied scientific discipline products from unusual countries. Scholarship province of affairs nosotros receive got non developed properly in addition to non supported past times a conducive climate for scientists to conduct query in addition to creation of products, novel technology. If nosotros yet rely on imported products from abroad, in addition to so nosotros volition proceed backward. Therefore, it is a challenge for us to choose withdraw hold of upward alongside scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline from developed countries.
5. Global Natural Condition
Some fourth dimension agone on the forepart page of the daily Kompas on 12 Apr 2007, in that location was interesting tidings almost the province of the world today, 'Global Warming, Millions volition Teracam ". Global warming volition negatively impact the existent to the lives of hundreds of millions of people inward the world. Thus the contents of the study include the UN had published inward 2007. The initiatory of all study contains the scientific evidence of climate change, piece the 3rd study volition let out the activity to handgrip it.
Experts study incorporated inward Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed inward a press conference simultaneously inward dissimilar parts of the world, Tuesday (10/04/2007). 1572 pages thick study was written in addition to reviewed 441 members of the IPCC.
One of the effects of global warming is increasing the earth's surface temperature during the adjacent 5 years. This volition outcome inward an iceberg melts inward Latin America. Subsequent impact is crop failure, which until the yr 2050 resulted inward 130 1 K m people inward the world, peculiarly inward Asia, famine. Wheat farming inward Africa volition also experience the same thing.
The study highlights the impact of global warming bounding main bird rise, the disappearance of some species in addition to national disaster ever increasing. Mentioned, 30% of the world's coastlines volition disappear inward 2080. Polar H2O ice melt to H2O flow occurs at the N pole. This volition outcome inward sinking Panama canal.
Rising temperatures trigger a to a greater extent than terrible tempest to deport on the coastal areas that had been rubber from the storm. Many places are straightaway increasingly dry out dry, instead of moisture places volition teach wet. The gap distribution of these natural H2O volition potentially increment the tension inward pemanfaaatan H2O for industrial purposes, agriculture in addition to residents.
Asia became business office of the world that would most severe. Climate alter is non detected volition live environmental in addition to economical disaster, in addition to its tail is a humanitarian tragedy. The study warned, whatsoever increment inward air temperature of 2 degrees Celsius, amid others, volition cut down agricultural production inward Communist People's Republic of China in addition to People's Republic of Bangladesh to xxx percentage until 2050. Increasing H2O scarcity inward Republic of Republic of India along alongside menurunya H2O ice inward the Himalayas. Approximately 100 1 K m people inward the coastal small town of Asia was inundated due to increased bounding main surface tiptop betwixt 1 millimeter to 3 millimeters per year. Currently, global warming has been felt alongside the occurrence of expiry in addition to extinction of species inward Africa in addition to Asia (Kompas, Thursday, Apr 12, 2007).
CIVILIZATION TO INDONESIA
To create a unique cultural formulation in addition to historic menstruum tin run into the challenges ahead is non an slow job. There needs to live a togetherness in addition to participation of every citizen of this country. The thinkers in addition to scientists should locomote difficult to brand a clear concept inward this achievement.
Our ancestors is a portion of the human flow that moves inward the past times that receive got been lost every bit a loss of shadow puppet from the hide of history, moving from the Central in addition to Eastern Europe Northern Balkans part about the Black Sea to the east, reaching Asia, into China. And inward China, this natural springtime branches to the north, due east in addition to south.
Flow reached the expanse S of Yunnan, was the eastern reaches Indo Communist People's Republic of China Sea. This is where the birthplace of civilization from Indonesia. Human beings movement in addition to moving to Asia from Central Europe in addition to Balkan part is 1 Tharacia, Iliria, Cimeria, Kakusia, in addition to may include the Teutons, who get their migration inward the ninth century until the eighth century earlier the prophet Jesus. They choose expertise to brand Fe in addition to bronze.
Republic of Indonesia ancestors who receive got been their initiatory of all of the Dong Son expanse has developed without a lot of monumental fine art of decorative ornamentik. From the newcomers, they choose over, accept, in addition to assimilate immigrants ornamentik art-western immigrants from this. Not exclusively inward ornamentik, but also inward the decorative fabrics (so many similarities betwixt the decorative woven Republic of Indonesia in addition to the Balkans, for example), in addition to also inward music in addition to nyayian. Jaap Kunst, an goodness on music, Indonesian music experts also identified similarities nyayian people on the isle of Flores alongside the singing of the people inward the eastern business office of Yugoslavia (Balkan). Dong Son civilization exhibit to a greater extent than similarities in addition to connections alongside European civilization than Chinese culture.
Dong Son ancestor is moving to the south, in addition to and so reached the archipelago. In the archipelago in that location is almost no separation betwixt the bronze historic menstruum in addition to Fe age. This same is truthful inward Indo China. In the earthworks archaeological sites, bronze in addition to Fe are e'er found together. Upper knife-shaped Dong Son many people, similar the keris Majapahit. Upstream cast similar knives were also found inward Holstein (Germany), Danish, in addition to inward the Kauskasus.
However, earlier the ancestors of Dong Son downwardly to the archipelago, groups of other men had arrived first. During the final H2O ice age, some 15,000 years earlier Christ, the history of the world archipelago betoken that most of the western archipelago together alongside mainland Southeast Asia, Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan in addition to the territory which is straightaway the Java sea. When the H2O ice ended, bounding main levels rose again, in addition to forming clusters islands every bit nosotros know it today. Nusantara world history has a large impact on human evolution of the Malayo-Polynesian. They locomote a maritime nation, to a greater extent than or less 1000 years earlier the Prophet Isa megarungi Indian Ocean. The onetime Hebrew manuscripts from the belatedly 2000 in addition to early on 1000 earlier the yr the Prophet Jesus has called the cinnamon merchandise from diverse places along the due east coast of Africa.
An Standard Arabic manuscript from the 13th century to tell the entry of the Malayo-Polynesian people to the western Indian Ocean. The manuscript was told that inward the decline of Fira'un Kingdom inward Egypt, a identify called Aden, which controls the entrance to the Red Sea (which menstruum is the population of fishermen), has been captured past times the Qumr (Malayo-Polynesian) that came alongside the fleet which consists of boats that job the outrigger. They expelled the local population, edifice in addition to maintaining a diversity of monuments direct human relationship alongside the isle of Republic of Madagascar in addition to Southeast Asia. The historians state it may come about inward the fourth dimension of Prophet Jesus is alive. For a long menstruum of Malayo-Polynesian people over shipping in addition to merchandise through the Indian Ocean from Southeast Asia to the door of the Red Sea, along the due east coast of Africa in addition to the isle of Madagascar.
In doing this, they also receive got brought diverse cultural richness to Republic of Madagascar in addition to Africa. In Republic of Madagascar they had settled inward the island's western hemisphere. Are yet seen many similarities betwixt the linguistic communication of words in addition to linguistic communication of Republic of Madagascar Manyaan tribe inward Borneo. To the east, the ancestors of the Malayo-Polynesian was sailing far to the interior of the Pacific, living inward dissimilar islands, in addition to they most easterly attain Easter Island, the isle furthest to the due east of the archipelago.
It is clear that our nation's civilization is rooted deep into prehistory, to the past times that so far, that has disappeared from our national memory. It is also clear that nosotros receive got inherited the civilization of the world inward those days, inward add-on to our ancestors also gave donations to the cultures of other nations across the Indian Ocean, every bit good every bit creating a civilization inward Madagascar, in addition to the isle Pacific Ocean.
Given this back, whether nosotros are now, every bit the direct heir of them, should experience afraid to human face upward the 21st century in addition to beyond? It should not! We receive got to examine yourself real carefully. What our shortcomings now, so nosotros exercise non receive got the ability, courage in addition to inventiveness to exercise the large things for our state in addition to mankind today?
Process through fourth dimension to attain Mesolitik possible Neolithic era some 3500-2500 years earlier the Prophet Jesus. When they began living together inward little communities in addition to began to prepare agriculture in addition to irrigation system. In this era of cultural roots growing consensus Indonesia, because at that fourth dimension in that location has been no caput in addition to king, in addition to all were discussed past times all members of the community, led past times people who are older. Women participate deliberations, in addition to children may attend in addition to participate hearing. In Sakudei tribes inward the Mentawai islands, a Swiss researchers reported that he yet found the onetime tradition that deliberations.
Our cultural roots also grow inward the belief that everything on world has "spirits" themselves. The soul of human is his brother, who tin intermission away from the trunk of a person, in addition to that spirit tin live a disaster inward his adventures exterior of our bodies, which tin crusade the trunk had fallen sick or died. Man must live squeamish inward connexion alongside this spirit world.
Furthermore our ancestors inward the megalithic menstruum that has the concept of human relationship in addition to conflict betwixt the world higher upward in addition to the underworld. In special ceremonies, they construct a megalith, megaliths inward monastic tell to protect the spirit of the dangers that come upward from the underworld, to live a liaison betwixt the living in addition to the dead, in addition to to perpetuate the magical powers of those who built these megaliths megalith - , or for whom the stones were built. Megalith megalith-built to lift the fertility of humans, animals in addition to what they plant, in addition to thence increment the wealth of generations to come.
Megalithic civilization was in addition to so entered past times the Dong Son civilization which took bronze in addition to Fe technology, in addition to give the breath in addition to forcefulness in addition to a novel inventiveness inward the cultural groups inward the archipelago. It is estimated also that the Dong Son civilization alongside rice farming technologies inward the fields. Paddy rice applied scientific discipline to encourage little communities to ameliorate integrate developing in addition to maintaining irrigation systems, planting coordination simultaneously at the same time. In the procedure of history, this the world rice applied scientific discipline has driven the integration procedure of rural communities which until straightaway Republic of Indonesia pedestal of our nation's biggest life. He was also closely associated alongside climate rhythm, coming dry out flavour in addition to rainy season, which deport on the designing of life inward Indonesia. Harvest flavour is nuptials season, for example.
Ancestor worship is 1 of the roots of Indonesian culture. Cosmic thought of the contradiction betwixt the underworld in addition to the world of social organization is reflected inward many of our tribe; line of mothers in addition to fathers line, betwixt 2 hubungann footing of usual involvement taking men in addition to women of 2 tribes for marriage, no 1 makes a higher charge per unit of measurement seat of the other. Each tribe took turns occupying a superior identify in addition to a identify below. These structures tribalism is a machinery inward the direction of democracy, that if nosotros tin prepare a goodness mightiness to the democratic traditions of our nation.
The arrival of Buddhism, Hinduism in addition to Islam, the ascent of feudalism, in addition to in addition to so came the European colonists brought the oppression, in addition to evangelism, in addition to through the Western pedagogy inward all of modern scientific discipline in addition to modern applied scientific discipline has led diverse processes of social, political, economic, in addition to cultural, which ultimately choose people to the province of Republic of Indonesia today.
Old cultural roots so withered in addition to forgotten, although in that location are of them nosotros unknowingly yet asleep inward our subconscious. The ascent of feudalism inward Republic of Indonesia alongside the institution of large in addition to little kingdoms receive got changed the human relationship betwixt mightiness in addition to human or community members. Dutch colonial command scheme in addition to the ruling cast through the onetime feudal aristocracy or Republic of Indonesia has continued the feudal tradition continues inward our society. In fact, after Indonesian independence, relationships characterized feudal values yet going on, so oft nosotros state that nosotros straightaway human face upward the neo-feudalism inward novel forms.
All modern education, Western in addition to Eastern philosophies, ideologies that come upward from the West on human in addition to society. Islam in addition to Christianity are so final layer higher upward the onetime beliefs in addition to values of our cultural roots, past times the mightiness of human sinkritisme Indonesia, all of them accepted inward him without much conflict inward our souls in addition to ourselves.
Something happens inside us, that are culturally incapable of separating 1 from another: what is superstition, where the scientific, where the shadows, where the reality, which is where dreams in addition to reality. In fact, many people are straightaway making scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline so superstitious inward the feel that, people believe that scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline tin solve all human problems inward the world. And in that location who exercise the opposite.
We are so abrupt no longer distinguish what is mistaken in addition to lawful. Therefore, rollicking in addition to total of happiness nosotros brand massive corruption, in addition to non experience guilty at all (Lubis, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We; 1999).
Kebudayan WEST IN INDONESIA
The procedure of acculturation inward Republic of Indonesia seem to live confusing beralir, accelerated past times radical proposals, hampered past times a current of old-fashioned, lost inward the ideologies, but basically viewed the stalk straight: "The things of humanity enjoys all humanity". There is a basic flow spontaneously choose elements of international civilization that clearly exercise goodness positively.
However, on reflection in addition to inward an endeavour to formulate a reaction often, because the category of thinking has non reconcile themselves alongside the novel atmosphere or unusual upgrading. Degrees of acculturation to Western civilization at the starting fourth dimension tin yet live distinguished, in addition to and so live overlapping 1 some other until the plurality, degree, bird in addition to flow that occur simultaneously. Western civilization affects people of Indonesia, layer past times layer, to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than broadly inward (Bakker; 1984).
Is modern Western civilization all the bad in addition to volition mengerogoti our National Cultural ideas? Therefore, nosotros require to formulate a clear Definition of Modern Western Culture. Frans Magnis Suseno inward his volume "Kebudayan Political Philosophy", distinguishes iii types of modern Western culture:
a. Modern Culture Technology
First nosotros must distinguish betwixt the West Kebudayan technologically modern in addition to Modern Culture. Modern technological civilization is the kid of Western culture. However, despite modern technological civilization inward shaping the obvious manifestation of Western culture, children receive got locomote adults in addition to is straightaway getting to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than non-Western inputs, such every bit from Japan.
Tekonologis Modern Culture is something that complex. Simplistic revelations, every bit good every bit judgments of dark in addition to white volition exclusively exhibit kekurangcanggihan mind. Culture is seen non exclusively inward scientific discipline in addition to technology, but the dominant seat taken past times the results of scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline inward world life: the media of communication, agency of physical mobility in addition to transportation, all kinds of household appliances in addition to modern weaponry. Almost every production needs of daily life are involved inward the industry of modern technology.
Modern technological civilization is contradictory. In a for certain feel he is costless of value, neutral. Can live used or not. Usage has no ideological or religious implications. H5N1 secularist in addition to atheist, Liberal Christian, Buddhist, Islamic modernists or Islamic Fundamentalists, fifty-fifty all sorts of New Age in addition to flow of the normal tin in addition to desire to wear, without compromising their faith or belief respectively. Modern technological civilization is instumental prominently.
b. Copies of Modern Culture
Modern technological civilization necessary to distinguish what I would telephone telephone the Culture of Modern Copies. Copies of Modern Culture is manifested inward an surroundings that seems to reverberate kegemerlapan high applied scientific discipline in addition to modernity, but inward fact exclusively covers ownership outward symbols, such every bit a culture, an international airport, a supermarket civilization (mall), in addition to the civilization of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC).
At the international drome is surrounded past times a high-tech results, he moves inward the artificial world: escalators, duty costless store to offering things that await flashy in addition to modern, although non required, non-real atmosphere of an aircraft cabin, all artificial, all the same all over the world, in that location is no inner connection.
Copies of Modern Culture of life of illusion, that the beginning of people inward touching alongside the results of modern technology, he became modern humans. Whereas artificial world that does non contribute anything to our identity. Our identity fifty-fifty to a greater extent than empty because nosotros allow ourselves live driven further. Our tastes, our behavior, selection of clothing, admiration in addition to our assessment of the manipulated, the to a greater extent than nosotros exercise non receive got ourselves. That is why civilization is non real, but artificial, half-breed.
Children Culture Modern Consumerism Replicas is: people addicted to buy, non because he needs, or desire to savor what yous buy, but to purchase it themselves. Blateran Modern civilization is, in addition to fifty-fifty brand us lose the mightiness to savor things seriously. Consumerism agency that nosotros desire to receive got something, but nosotros are increasingly no longer able to savor it. People eat at KFC chicken is non because in that location is to a greater extent than tasty, but because fast nutrient is considered a trendy style human, is a modern in addition to trendy.
c. Culture-Western Culture
We were incorrect when nosotros equate blastern civilization alongside modern Western culture. Blastern civilization was the production of Western culture, but non her heart, non the midpoint in addition to non the key to vitality. He threatened Western culture, every bit he threatens the cultural identity of others, but he has non mencaploknya. Italy, France, spayol, Germany, maybe fifty-fifty the USA yet retain their distinctive cultures of each. Although everywhere people gulp Coca Cola, civilization is non a Coca-Cola culture.
People who just tersenggol chip alongside the simulated Western culture, thereby non receive got to live a modern person. He also had to empathize how Westerners judge, what his ideals almost relationships, what aesthetic gustatory modality in addition to flavor, whether moral beliefs in addition to religious, is to empathize their responsibilities (Suseno; 1992).
INDONESIA CULTURAL SITUATION
In a presentation almost the cultural roots of the higher upward nosotros already know that our ancestors are the ancestors of this state strong in addition to capable of acculturation has been positively so that nosotros tin integrate unusual civilization to lift their ain culture. But nosotros must consider existent how our cultural province of affairs today.
Sajiman Surjohadiprojo civilization inward a speech communication delivered inward the yr 1986 almost persoalah us today, which is less strong capabilities inward human unloose energy out of Indonesia. This resulted inward a lack of resources or mightiness to exercise the follow. Good concept plan, the outcome of a brilliant mind, live in addition to programme in addition to concept lone because less able to brand it happen. Another outcome is the self-discipline in addition to pengendalikan. Weak dependent non because of lack of awareness of rules in addition to regulations, but because it is less able to choose themselves to abide past times the rules in addition to weather condition apply. Mnegeluarkan lack of unloose energy also resulted inward much dependence on others. Independence difficult to regain in addition to receive got an impact inward all aspects of life including leadership in addition to responsibility.
According to him this weakness is the weakness of Culture. This means, the improvement of the weak province that tin exclusively live achieved through a cultural approach. The solution should live through pedagogy inward the broadest feel in addition to the Nation in addition to Character Building (Surjohadiprodjo, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We; 1999).
Mochtar Lubis also inward the same opportunities every bit Cultural Gathering 1986, said that the status of our civilization today is predominantly characterized past times features:
1. Serious contradiction betwixt the assumptions in addition to the moral pretensions of civilization alongside the reality of Pancasila.
2. Hypocrisy.
3. Weakness of creativity.
4. Fuck locomote ethic.
5. Neo-Feudalism.
6. Culture of shame has vanished (Lubis, 1999).
CHALLENGES OF CULTURE INDONESIA
1. Copies of Modern Culture
The challenge actually threaten us is imitation of Modern Culture. He threatened just because non true, is non substantial. Offered are false. Culture that makes us human plastic human without personality, of human isolation, empty people, talkative people.
Modern mixed civilization similar the vampire: he dressed up, receive got a bang-up appeal, he gradually meyedot our original thought of the value, the footing of self-esteem, almost the status. He offers luxury-old luxury nosotros tin non fifty-fifty dream of. He promised the fullness of life, self-consistency, if nosotros desire to halt thinking for yourself, halt making us lose our ain judgments. Finally nosotros ran out of blood, running out of identity. Imitation of modern civilization makes us apart from our ain traditional culture, piece also non touching the existent modern technological civilization (Suseno; 1992)
2. How Feeding, Clothing, in addition to Home
Ki Hajar Dewantara said that, civilization is the human fighting to overcome the job of nature in addition to time. The most cardinal job for human beings is a affair of eating, habiliment in addition to housing. When people are malnourished how he would teach a smart person. When basic needs are met non exclusively how people volition recall ahead in addition to create a bang-up technology. Let lone for it, the problems of our needs greatly deport on the designing of relationships betwixt people. People are willing to pocket in addition to fifty-fifty kill so he could eat a seize alongside teeth of rice. Thus, negligence inward this representative non exclusively impact on poverty, hunger, death, but volition deport on the social-cultural stuff of society.
3. Education the Right Problem
Education is yet a affair of serious line if this state wants to live seen inward the world arena. There is an interesting phenomenon associated alongside this, namely civilization of collaboration alongside education, inward damage of how the existing pedagogy scheme inward it mengintrinsikkan culture. Where in that location is a civilization that became the spirit of our pedagogy scheme to implement.
4. Pursuing Development Progress of Science in addition to Technology
This job started when nosotros reached today is yet a consumer of applied scientific discipline products from unusual countries. Scholarship province of affairs nosotros receive got non developed properly in addition to non supported past times a conducive climate for scientists to conduct query in addition to creation of products, novel technology. If nosotros yet rely on imported products from abroad, in addition to so nosotros volition proceed backward. Therefore, it is a challenge for us to choose withdraw hold of upward alongside scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline from developed countries.
5. Global Natural Condition
Some fourth dimension agone on the forepart page of the daily Kompas on 12 Apr 2007, in that location was interesting tidings almost the province of the world today, 'Global Warming, Millions volition Teracam ". Global warming volition negatively impact the existent to the lives of hundreds of millions of people inward the world. Thus the contents of the study include the UN had published inward 2007. The initiatory of all study contains the scientific evidence of climate change, piece the 3rd study volition let out the activity to handgrip it.
Experts study incorporated inward Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed inward a press conference simultaneously inward dissimilar parts of the world, Tuesday (10/04/2007). 1572 pages thick study was written in addition to reviewed 441 members of the IPCC.
One of the effects of global warming is increasing the earth's surface temperature during the adjacent 5 years. This volition outcome inward an iceberg melts inward Latin America. Subsequent impact is crop failure, which until the yr 2050 resulted inward 130 1 K m people inward the world, peculiarly inward Asia, famine. Wheat farming inward Africa volition also experience the same thing.
The study highlights the impact of global warming bounding main bird rise, the disappearance of some species in addition to national disaster ever increasing. Mentioned, 30% of the world's coastlines volition disappear inward 2080. Polar H2O ice melt to H2O flow occurs at the N pole. This volition outcome inward sinking Panama canal.
Rising temperatures trigger a to a greater extent than terrible tempest to deport on the coastal areas that had been rubber from the storm. Many places are straightaway increasingly dry out dry, instead of moisture places volition teach wet. The gap distribution of these natural H2O volition potentially increment the tension inward pemanfaaatan H2O for industrial purposes, agriculture in addition to residents.
Asia became business office of the world that would most severe. Climate alter is non detected volition live environmental in addition to economical disaster, in addition to its tail is a humanitarian tragedy. The study warned, whatsoever increment inward air temperature of 2 degrees Celsius, amid others, volition cut down agricultural production inward Communist People's Republic of China in addition to People's Republic of Bangladesh to xxx percentage until 2050. Increasing H2O scarcity inward Republic of Republic of India along alongside menurunya H2O ice inward the Himalayas. Approximately 100 1 K m people inward the coastal small town of Asia was inundated due to increased bounding main surface tiptop betwixt 1 millimeter to 3 millimeters per year. Currently, global warming has been felt alongside the occurrence of expiry in addition to extinction of species inward Africa in addition to Asia (Kompas, Thursday, Apr 12, 2007).
CIVILIZATION TO INDONESIA
To create a unique cultural formulation in addition to historic menstruum tin run into the challenges ahead is non an slow job. There needs to live a togetherness in addition to participation of every citizen of this country. The thinkers in addition to scientists should locomote difficult to brand a clear concept inward this achievement.
National goals Indonesian fighting is the community to create a fair in addition to prosperous society. Indonesia fighting toward the ideal civilization takes fourth dimension in addition to struggle. Recognition every bit 1 of the world civilization must receive got some reservations. The requirements that nosotros tin consider from the embodiment of civilization inward the world since the starting fourth dimension of human history. It seems, lives 1 community is recognized every bit 1 of civilization that shows the progress of outer life, in addition to progress was quite prominent from the outer life of other people (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
Advanced outer life is a outcome of the mastery of scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline applicable inward her time. Even inward societies that identify of regain in addition to evolution of conception inward scientific discipline in addition to technology. As a outcome of the mastery of scientific discipline in addition to applied scientific discipline tin live promoted farm production in addition to farmers' welfare. The same is truthful for the production inward the bounding main in addition to the welfare of fishermen in addition to sailors. Industrialization experienced high growth inward goods producing percentage inward the preferred habitation in addition to abroad. Various working paper, ie producing electrical energy, a diversity of communications, route conditions, the world transportation, bounding main in addition to air, all the weather condition inward accordance alongside latest international applied scientific discipline developments. Kesejahtreaan evenly amid all members of society. And if in that location are people who are poor, in addition to so that is a little minority. This allows people to mail their children well, in addition to the educational infrastructure available alongside the character in addition to adequate quantity. High touchstone of living inward a gild allows a large business office of agricultural production in addition to marketed inward isdustri ain community, so that dependence on exterior the community are non likewise large (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
Conditions that back upward the evolution of fine art in addition to creative literature. Various arts in addition to the progress made inward a issue of large population. Literature to make books in addition to other writings results, in addition to numerous variations, in addition to bought past times the bulk community. Architecture produces houses homes, regime buildings, places of worship are beautiful, but also strong in addition to durable (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
Fairly stable social weather condition past times showing a salubrious household unit of measurement life in addition to strong, lack of unemployment in addition to no hunger. Krimanalitas may non live negligible hundred percent, but the amount is real little in addition to controlled. But civilization is non exclusively the outward life requires an advanced in addition to outstanding, in that location is also require a enterprise spiritual life in addition to equitable (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
Religious life made past times people alongside total belief in addition to faith. And harmony amid diverse religions are going well. People exercise non run religious damage exclusively every bit a mere ritual, but has a existent impact inward the lives of high moral in addition to discipline. Then in that location is self-control mightiness is strong enough. That's what helped brighten the lives of commonwealth that embody the people's sovereignty. In many professions, ethics upheld without reducing the required dynamic gild of the fourth dimension (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999)
.
National unity were good maintained, without prejudice to the rights in addition to abilities of each chemical constituent of the state develops itself outwardly in addition to inwardly. The existence of goodness infrastructure inward diverse areas contribute to the unity of the nation. But to a greater extent than of import is the awareness of harmony betwixt parts in addition to whole (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
National unity were good maintained, without prejudice to the rights in addition to abilities of each chemical constituent of the state develops itself outwardly in addition to inwardly. The existence of goodness infrastructure inward diverse areas contribute to the unity of the nation. But to a greater extent than of import is the awareness of harmony betwixt parts in addition to whole (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
Foreign relations alongside other nations alongside good organized to construct the world perdamain in addition to welfare of mankind. Especially alongside the surroundings of Southeast Asia in that location are closed in addition to harmonious relationship. Nations against the pitiful in addition to backward tin live held outward in addition to inward assistance who seek their progress (Sajidiman, inward "Culture-Cultural Liberation We"; 1999).
EPILOGUE
It is understood that civilization is a positive human reply to circumstances that occurred inward the vicinity. In addition, civilization is a manifestation of the human appear of a multi-dimensional.
It is understood that civilization is a positive human reply to circumstances that occurred inward the vicinity. In addition, civilization is a manifestation of the human appear of a multi-dimensional.
Any theory of civilization is likewise boring to empathize everyday people who movement fast. Human beings are non simply knitting important through work, but inter-subjective communication alongside symbols. Human beings are everyday people who talk, reverberate in addition to mamaknai. Culture is the human dimension kemajemukkan festivals in addition to turn down all forms of reductionism. Human beings are non only economical beings who only focus on how to survive. Reflection infinite covered past times the decision that opened a cultural work. Culture is the locus where the human is non exclusively dealers in addition to buyers, but a multi-dimensional beings. Each dimension inward itself has the same correct to expressed (Adian, inward Kompas xiv Apr 2007; 14)
Related to the formulation of Indonesian culture, is our imperative to farther explore the characteristics of Indonesian men who receive got formed a long fourth dimension since the menstruum earlier BC. And also must consider the natural factors that circle. Thus, nosotros are non fixed in addition to absorbed inward the global cultural flows today, which is non necessarily inward accordance alongside our national identity. Hopefully towards the ideals of the advanced civilization Republic of Indonesia is non just a dream!.
REFERENCES
BOOK
Bakker, JWM. 1999. "Philosophy of Culture, An Introduction". Publisher Doubleday; Yogyakarta.
Dewantara, Ki Hajar. 1994. "Culture". Publisher Luhur Union Assembly Tamansiswa; Yogyakarta.
Sarjono. Agus R (Editor). 1999. "Liberation of Culture-Culture We". Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama; Jakarta.
Suseno, Franz Magnis. 1992. "Philosophy Political Culture". Penerbit Gramedia Pustaka Utama; Jakarta.
NEWSPAPER
Adian, Donny Gahral. "Human Dimension of Multi-Daily". In Compass Edition Saturday, Apr 14, 2007. PT Kompas Media Nusantara; Jakarta.
Editor. "Global Warming, Endangered Millions of People Will '. In Kompas Edisi 12 Apr 2007. PT Kompas Media Nusantara; Jakarta.
BOOK
Bakker, JWM. 1999. "Philosophy of Culture, An Introduction". Publisher Doubleday; Yogyakarta.
Dewantara, Ki Hajar. 1994. "Culture". Publisher Luhur Union Assembly Tamansiswa; Yogyakarta.
Sarjono. Agus R (Editor). 1999. "Liberation of Culture-Culture We". Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama; Jakarta.
Suseno, Franz Magnis. 1992. "Philosophy Political Culture". Penerbit Gramedia Pustaka Utama; Jakarta.
NEWSPAPER
Adian, Donny Gahral. "Human Dimension of Multi-Daily". In Compass Edition Saturday, Apr 14, 2007. PT Kompas Media Nusantara; Jakarta.
Editor. "Global Warming, Endangered Millions of People Will '. In Kompas Edisi 12 Apr 2007. PT Kompas Media Nusantara; Jakarta.
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