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| Economic Structure of Sriwijaya | In administrastif site is located inwards the hamlet Karangberahi inscribed stones, Karangberahi Village, Sub Pamenang, Merangin District, Jambi Province. Inscribed stone hamlets bordering the River Base Merangin too Hope Village, too Karangberahi hamlet inwards the south. In the due west side past times side to the Village too Village Papit Karanganyar, on the eastward past times the Village Jalatang too on the due north past times transmigration Itam daaerah Ulu, Kecamatan Pauh Veil too the District. The hamlet itself astronomically Karangberahi at 2 o 28 'south latitude too 102 o 28' East Longitude. Karangberahi is 1 of the of import sites from the kingdom of Srivijaya (VII century AD). 

Inscription Karangberahi findings betoken that this surface area was conquered kingdom of Srivijaya. Control over this portion is 1 of Sriwijaya efforts to command economical resources, because this surface area is located on the primary carry route interinsuler trading time. The lack of archaeological finds inwards this site too its surroundings had doubted the existence of this portion inwards politics too the economic scheme at that time. However, amongst the regain of 2 remnants of the brick construction indicates that this portion is non an empty surface area without residents. These findings too besides jars inwards every corner of 1 of the remaining construction indicates that this location has locomote the location of the relatively crowded settlements of its time. Especially inwards the urn was institute besides pieces of gold, unusual pottery shards too gems.

As a kingdom, which developed merchandise economy, it is non unusual if perkeonomian Sriwijaya has a dissimilar construction amongst an agrarian country. With reference to the construction of (government) Srivijaya kingdom advanced past times Herman Kulke (1985) too combined amongst the theory of Sao Leong Heng inwards the evolution of trading systems inwards Southeast Asia, too then inwards this newspaper attempts to reveal an of import locomote inwards the portion Karangberahi Srivijaya empire, especially inwards construction of the economy. As already known past times the world during these that the kingdom of Srivijaya is the largest maritime empire that always existed inwards Southeast Asia. As a maritime surface area must hold out equipped amongst networks of interconnected economic scheme too supporting continuance. One cast is believed to hold out cyberspace economical existence for this is the ports betwixt (entrepot) a house to store too distribute commodities goods from 1 flavor to the next. These ports receive got an of import locomote because the scheme during the voyage depends on the monsoon winds, the ships from India, PRC too the isle states are ordinarily sailed to Southeast Asia inwards a flavor too hold off for the following flavor to render to his province (Wheatley, 1961).

Site too Environment

Karangberahi sites located inwards areas amongst varying degrees of gradient ramps, ie betwixt 2 - 15%, which is the lower slopes of the foothills. Land surface area is a hilly folds. While the mightiness of the solid reason is AlbT amongst soil depth of to a greater extent than than xc cm, fine-textured soil too are non nether water, too no erosion. Land about the site are alluvial deposits too is located virtually 200 meters from the river (Trunk) Merangin too an height of 50 thousand inwards a higher house body of body of water level. On the due north side of the lake in that location are sites that are used equally irrigation channels inwards the surrounding fields. Location of the lake is less than 50 meters from the remnants of a brick edifice which was founded inwards 1995 too virtually 500 meters from the edifice structure, discovered inwards 1994. With such topographical weather Karangberahi sites located inwards areas suitable to serve equally a settlement for physical environmental weather are moderate too closed to the torso of water. Proximity to H2O bodies is rattling of import hither because the access they receive got access other than for agriculture too drinking H2O sources, besides allows for transportation.

Apart from the imperial inscriptions of Srivijaya, the site besides institute Karangberahi brick construction berdenah long rectangle mensuration 5.26 meters x 1.96 meters. The longitudinal organisation of bricks into the southeast-southwest, consisting of 2 to 3 layers. Brick size is relatively large compared to the bricks used for construction of temples inwards the complex Muarajambi enshrinement because brick sizes hither 55 cm long, 36 cm broad too 17.5 cm thick. The large size of these bricks that allows pennyusunan bricks without adhesives, thus revealing an organized construction past times horizontally seat brick. These bricks too then compiled onto a unmarried brick was on the other bricks (Purwanti, 1996:30 - 31).

In every corner of the brick building, in that location are 4 pieces of clay pots. One fruit pot located on the northeast corner when institute withal intact, patch the other 3 pots inwards a cracked status too no longer intact. The 4th pot diameter is betwixt 36 to 46 cm. These pots are circular amongst a convex base. Mouth hole diameter from 10.62 to thirteen cm, patch the lip has a thickness of 1.24 to 1.33 cm. Height 25.5 cm pot intact. At the fourth dimension none was institute to receive got closed.

The results of analysis of the soil moisture contained within too exterior the pot showed almost the same content. Soil obtained from the within of the pot containing pyrite, quartz, gold, beads, laterite, broken pottery, chalk too charcoal. Gynecology the world exterior the pot consisting of sand, stone gravel, charcoal, chalk, quartz too gold. Analysis of the content of the soil inwards these pots from the pot inwards the northeast corner too southeast, which was institute relatively intact compared to the other pot-pot. Meanwhile, soil samples taken exterior of the pot from the bottom of the pot from the southeast corner of the edifice (Sri Padmiarsi, 1994).

Gold obtained from within too exterior Priok shaped granules too flakes. From 12.9 kg sebert solid reason released from the pot inwards the southeast obtained 0.05 grams of gold, patch the the world exterior the pot amongst a heavy 6.25 grams 0.04 grams of aureate collected past times the grain size is relatively larger than that contained aureate inwards the soil within the pot.

Throughout the bead obtained from the content of the soil within the pot. The beads are made of drinking glass too mutisala. Glass beads are colored blue, patch the beads maroon mutisala.

Location due north of the regain of the construction of the building, just inwards the mound cemetery, institute besides the remains of a brick construction inwards 1995. At the same location amongst the regain of Srivijaya inscription institute 2 layers of brick structures that allegedly was component of the walls of the building. One component of the brick construction is a corner of the building. At the acme of the mound of Earth where the regain of the remains of buildings institute heaps of soil consisting of: a layer of grayish black, the minute soil layer of soil mixed amongst gravel, too then the 3rd layer of soil that is mixed amongst bits of the world brick, too contains a layer of soil mixed gravel, dark layer of grayness soil too so on until a depth of v feet from the the world ((Asylum PSP Sumbagsel, 1995:22 - 23; Purwanti, 2004). Also institute besides 2 brick-shaped pieces of mitt bells about the mound.

In add-on to archaeological information from excavations about the site, from the villagers Rantau Limau Manis Khadir named Haji 86 years of historic menses tin hold out seen that the veil River till at nowadays withal receive got the traditional aureate miners. This river is 1 of the Batang Hari River too is located upstream from the river Batang Merangin. On this site always discovered 2 bronze Buddha statues from about the century-9-10 AD. The information strengthen the bear witness so far that since fourth dimension immemorial Sumatra isle famous for its aureate content, so the ascension of the championship "Island of Gold" (swarnadwipa). This potential is attractive to other areas exterior it, especially for commercial circles that every fourth dimension traffic inwards the Straits of Malacca too the chance to halt at the ports of the eastward coast of Sumatra.

Merangin District which is 1 surface area inwards Sumatra Island too tropical weather of temperature too high humidity due to the sun's unloose energy is 1 of the primary factors that caused the wood amongst high form index. There are a form of ecological niches inwards this area, which contains pocket-size trees; shrubs; herbs; plants inherent; flora climber; epiphytes; paraasit; too so forth (Anwar, et. Al., 1984: 92 - 94). High form index on flora too beast inwards this area, including along the regional watershed (DAS) Batanghari, is an of import natural resources since ancient times because of stone oil observed some 2500 species of plants, 7500 species inwards Sumatra has a value economical potential. Until at nowadays along the Batang Hari river basin are forests that make lucrative merchandise of commodities, amid other jerenang, jelutung wood, too rattan manau.

Sriwijaya Economic Structure

In his article entitled "Collecting Centers, Feeder Points too Entreport inwards the Malay Peninsula, circa K BC - AD 1400", Leong Sau Heng mentioned a connector betwixt the Southeast Asian portion inwards detail too the Malays inwards Peninsular interinsuler trade, both betwixt the Chinese, Arab too Republic of Republic of India amongst the local population (1990:17). However, the names are written inwards Chinese tidings sources are hard to hold out identified amongst local names unless mentioned inwards primary sources such equally inscriptions.

With reference to the break of unusual sources from the kickoff until the colonial menses was the political map of Southeast Asia is determined non alone past times the edge regions (peripheral boundaries), but besides past times the expansion of the radiations from the fundamental authorisation of mightiness which lies inwards the interior areas along navigable too by too large since Century xv is located along the coast (thelittoral) too estuaries. Therefore, inwards writing, Sau Heng explained that at to the lowest degree seen from the map distribution of archaeological sites inwards the Malay Peninsula too on the footing of its findings tin hold out determined chronology of the 3 stages inwards the evolution of trading systems inwards Southeast Asia.

The 3rd phase is the collection view (Collecting centers), feeder points too entreport.Gatherers Center (Collecting centers) are regions or sites that are located either on the beach or along the river basins inwards the interior. As a collection center, the locomote is equally a provider of local specific commodities (special local outlets for produce). The site is ordinarily located inwards the primary merchandise route or not. However, this surface area is by too large located inwards areas where the production ekosone local goods were manufactured or produced. For event located inwards the portion which is rich inwards tin or aureate mining similar Lang or Kampung Sungai Kelang.

In Southeast Asia region, site or large commercial centers or known past times the term entreport but started since the firstly century AD. Such sites are by too large to a greater extent than easily recognizable because of its abundance of commercial artifacts that period, non alone inwards price of quantity but besides inwards price of its validity. On the Peninsula surface area for example, the surface area was known equally a portion entreport Pangkalan Bujang, at the rima oris of the river Bujang Kedah region. Entreport port is by too large located inwards estuaries.

The so-called feeder points inwards this connector is by too large identified equally a service view inwards a pocket-size local scale. Unlike entreport by too large located inwards the path of long-distance merchandise inwards the strategic, but rather determined past times the human relationship of factors (distance easiest) to attain the producers. Therefore the site is idea to hold out the feeder points tin hold out institute inwards remote surface area close the river (river basin inwards the interior or the coast). Usually sites that are feeder points were marked past times piddling bear witness of exterior cultural influences that entered.

With reference to the geographical weather of Sumatra that is non much dissimilar from the peninsula, too then the theory is Sau Heng tin besides hold out applied. The existence of 3 stages of evolution of trading systems tin hold out linked to the Srivijaya kingdom construction model proposed past times Herman Kulke (1985). Based on the assessment of Telagabatu inscriptions from the seventh century AD Herman Kulke states that the kingdom of Srivijaya was a house that includes the fundamental too subordinate areas of the conquest. Central portion consists of kadatuan, vanua, too the hamlet equally a regional hinterland (samaryyada). Kadatuan is a palace or a house to alive the king, surrounded byvanua which is a residential area. This is where people alive too where standing religious buildings(temples). The merchants (vaniyaga) too skippers (puhavam) who come upward from exterior the merchandise surface area vanua.

Based on these 2 theories tin hold out obtained past times an economical construction during the Srivijaya, which colleting centers located inwards the vanua; feeder feeder points points are inwards the hinterland(samaryyada); whereas entreport or kadatuan located inwards the fundamental government. Thus the seat of Sriwijaya according to Peter JM Nas is 1 of the city-state of the earliest too most important. Existence is based on its business office equally a imperial emporium too merchantilis too piece of occupation hard to merchandise monopoly too command of Jambi, Lampung, Malay Peninsula too Semenjung Kra.

This seat allows for the geographical seat of Sumatra overnice to participate inwards international merchandise began to railroad train betwixt Republic of Republic of India too mainland Southeast Asia since the kickoff of AD era. News of PRC stated that customary inwards Kan-t'oli amongst custom inwards Kingdom of Cambodia too Campa. That way that for the Chinese people or their tidings sources, the 3rd province inwards the same place. It tin alone locomote on if the 3 places it occurs internsif plenty relationship. Naturally, the evolution of merchandise inwards 2 places inwards mainland Southeast Asia was besides influential inwards Sumatra. Likely that the world merchandise inwards Sumatra since the kickoff has been straight involved inwards merchandise amongst Republic of Republic of India extends to the south. At the fourth dimension PRC opened to the results of Southeast Asia. Location of the Strait of Malacca to encourage merchandise inwards mainland Southeast Asia to a novel house after the merchandise amongst Republic of Republic of India growing, especially residents of Sumatra inwards the eastward coast, no longer lay inwards international trade. Therefore, if the kingdom of Sriwijaya developing economic scheme based on merchandise is non a incorrect choice.

Karangberahi too Role

Karangberahi site is located on the banks of the River (Batang) Merangin, which is 1 of the Batang Hari river basin. Batang Hari river basin extends from the upstream portion located inwards the province of West Sumatra to the downstream located inwards Jambi Province. Batang Hari River too its tributaries are by too large navigable too is of import for peraian traffic betwixt villages, river ports to the coastal towns too cities from the upstream to downstream. Traffic is most important, especially inwards areas along the river Batang too Batang TEMBESI, equally tin hold out navigated past times using large boats too steamers. Meanwhile, tributaries to the navigable parts of the upper reaches past times using pocket-size boats or rafts. With such weather allows the surface area opened upward to the entry of the flow of information too communication amongst the exterior areas since fourth dimension immemorial. Therefore, non surprisingly, along the Batang Hari river basin-often institute the remains of the archaeological remains of dissimilar periods amongst dissimilar types too shapes. Archaeological remains of the remains, which is the bear witness of past times human activities along the Batang Hari river basin.

In a previous presentation mentioned that the Batang Hari river basin has the potential form of potential biotic resources equally a commodity. Commodity trading is ordinarily obtained from the lowland wood ecosystem primary, manau such equally rattan, resin, sap jerenang, too resin. Another type of biotic resources that straight back upward the continuity of life too human settlements, such equally edifice materials too nutrient sources.

Physically Karangberahi site is located some 200 meters from Merangin River too virtually 500 of the lake. 500 meters Distance to H2O bodies (rivers too lakes) for daily utilisation too for H2O carry infrastructure was included inwards the estimated attain of human mileage at that time. With an surroundings that supports physical, it is non unusual if in that location was institute the remains, archaeological remains of sufficient importance. One of them is the curse inscription from the Sriwijaya kingdom.

Forest products are by too large produced past times the hunters too gatherers, did non genuinely receive got a high sale value of regional merchandise too volition hold out to a greater extent than meaningful cast of goods produced past times a grouping of people who receive got been organized. Similarly, people who receive got been organized inwards the interior by too large volition seek closer network too non receive got to follow the path of the river about him, but further distance. In this way they tin genuinely force the central charge per unit of measurement betwixt the view of things 1 amongst some other view located inwards coastal areas (Christie, 1990:45).

Products from about the site include Karangberahi, gold, jelutung sap, resin, too rattan. As stated past times Wolters, canvas the sea's mightiness lone is non able to grow a trading mightiness (Ibid., Pp. 135-155). In add-on to the cruise capacity must besides cultivate the trust of the world trade. The traders must believe that merchandise amongst it volition hold out profitable. This belief would non necessarily caused past times traders who are interested inwards the weather provided, but it tin besides because in that location is no other alternative. Seems Sriwijaya tin besides railroad train a status called lately. Thanks to a strong fleet he had mastered the regions equally potential rivals, including the Karangberahi. In this way he deliver the goods merchandise to ports nether their control. News from PRC tin hold out concluded that Srivijaya was 1 of the most of import merchandise centers of Southeast Asia amongst China.

Based on archaeological information are relatively small, but has biotic too abiotic resources is high, it tin hold out assumed that this surface area has locomote 1 link inwards the trading scheme during the Srivijaya empire, namely equally a service view inwards a pocket-size (feeder points). The findings of the brick structures too inscriptions examine that the surface area occupied past times Karangberahi earlier Srivijaya is an of import surface area amongst community organizations that are organized. Although located inwards a rural area, but Karangberahi receive got economical value too strategic importance for the continuity of the economical life of the kingdom of Srivijaya. An surface area economically valuable because it has rich natural resources, patch an surface area of strategic votes based on their location kestrategisan, for representative located on the banks of the river, sea, too others. Dikuasaainya areas amongst strategic too economical value, tin hold out controlled Sriwijaya international merchandise too make goodness from merchandise are abundant.

According Lapian (1992:3) Srivijaya kingdom is a kingdom of the river that requires a skillful human relationship amongst residents inwards rural areas. The nature of the shaft pit - ilir (upstream-downstream) since the firstly always color the prestige of a monarchy that relies on life on the river traffic. For the kingdom of Srivijaya maritime equally absolutely necessary is "mastering" the people who tin utilisation a body of body of water surface area equally a source of income (Ibid.). So the population is non plenty to build a maritime power; the to a greater extent than of import is the break of people oriented to the sea. In that tribe who inhabit the body of body of water outfall areas too islands off the coast of the primary role.

If a province living from merchandise way that the sovereign must command the merchandise routes too the ports where the goods were stockpiled to hold out traded. Mastery of the merchandise routes too ports are automatically require direct supervision of the authorities. It is non surprising that the manly mortal monarch of Srivijaya tin non justify existence unfaithful, fifty-fifty if alone a few, including from his ain son.

As a maritime land trading, Sriwijaya has developed a tradition of imperial diplomacy that led to the to a greater extent than metropolitan inwards nature. To hold out able to hold its locomote equally a trading nation, to a greater extent than needs Sriwijaya armed services strength that tin make the displace rather than a ekspedisioner agrarian country. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 direct command over to a greater extent than territory than is absolutely necessary inwards an agrarian country, such equally developing mutual inwards Java too provides the mightiness too considerable liberty to the local authorities or-rakai it. Srivijaya kingdom economical blueprint betwixt the fundamental authorities to subordinate the province of grace or a gift delivery directly, patch the province subordinate to the fundamental authorities equally a sign of loyalty inwards the cast of transfer of tribute.

Sriwijaya entreport for the province equally a subordinate business office equally an intermediary to marketplace seat the results of their the world inwards international trade. Economic patterns betwixt fundamental too inland areas of distribution of commodities through the river network. Commodity goods from dot of source was taken to the merchandise view of the smallest inwards the upstream (the coming together house branches of the creek). The business office of merchandise centers are hither to oversee the flow of commodity turnover inwards pocket-size units. Then transported to the commodity trading view located at the minute coming together of the tributaries. The minute merchandise view business office is to oversee the flow of merchandise inwards too out through the region. Then the collected commodities transported past times ship bigger towards the primary port (Sriwijaya). The primary port business office is to oversee commodities coming too going from the whole territory. Meanwhile, the economical blueprint of the province of Sriwijaya amongst unusual countries tin hold out an offering amongst the intention of bespeak for protection.

The survival of Sriwijaya to a greater extent than subject on the evolution of merchandise patterns, patch sure enough patterns tin non hold out fully mastered. As evidenced past times the evolution of its history, when the Chinese people began to bring together merchandise inwards the southern region, the locomote of Sriwijaya reduced equally the primary base of operations of merchandise betwixt Southeast Asia amongst China. Since the XII century, Srivijaya was 1 of the places visited past times Chinese merchants. This locomote diminished after the Chinese people convey their ain needs to the country. Places of producing merchandise that had collected their goods to ports inwards the mightiness of Srivijaya, no longer make so because the Chinese traders halt inwards their ports. Envoys from countries conquered Srivijaya inwards the Strait of Malacca along the coast, began to human activity equally a province that straight gives tribute to the Chinese nation. So thus they are considered to hold out commensurate amongst the Kingdom. The province is amid other things Lamuri Kampe too North Sumatra (1993:72 - 73).

Closing

Karangberahi is 1 of import site of the Srivijaya empire, which was marked past times the regain of prasassti curses, the remnants of edifice structures, too other findings. Keletakan sites closed to the torso of water, both rivers too lakes of this portion allows for a proper location of settlements inwards the past. This was supported past times the natural resources abundant plenty inwards some sites, both inwards the cast of mineral materials (gold) too wood products. This commodity is expected to brand this surface area has Karangberahi economical seat too both are on the route traffic straategis trade. At to the lowest degree archaeological findings obtained inwards this surface area does non hateful that the surface area is isolated from other areas inwards politics too the economic scheme inwards the past. The regain of 2 structures of brick buildings too edifice components, others, equally good equally the inscription indicates that the site genuinely has Karangberahi of import seat during the Srivijaya too had a regular community-based organizations. The seat is equally a regional feeder points or collecting wood commodities. Until now, the waters along the stalk Merangin tribal faction known equally the living from the harvesting too gathering food. It seems people similar the Kubu tribe has been in that location all the time. From this site too then the commodity brought to the upper level, so ended upward inwards the metropolis state, which is at in 1 lawsuit a Sriwijaya port between.

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