Common Causes Of Battery Failures

| Cultural Artifacts In Gamelan Musical Instruments | For the people of Indonesia, specially inwards Java, gamelan is non something foreign inwards life. They are the Javanese in addition to Sundanese gamelan know which 1 is called or a laid of gamelan, fifty-fifty if the individual concerned tin non play it. Those familiar amongst the term gamelan, musicians, or gangsa. However, peradventure in that location are even hence many who arrive at non know how the historical evolution of the gamelan itself, since when gamelan began to be inwards Java.

Dutch scholar, doc J.L.A. Brandes, said that long earlier the coming influence of Indian culture, the Javanese civilization has rnemiliki skills or cognition which includes 10 items (Brandes, 1889), namely:

1. puppets,

2. gamelan,

3. beat scientific discipline poem,

4. batik,

5. metalworking,

6. organisation of its ain currency,

7. scientific discipline in addition to technology, shipping,

8. astronomy,

9. agricultural fields,

10. regular authorities bureaucracy.

That way, if the opinions of Brandes non mistaken, the 10 items of cultural skills non from giving the Indian nation. It genuinely way the existence of gamelan in addition to wayang has existed since prehistoric times although the exact twelvemonth is hard to know because people are non familiar amongst the writing system. There is no written evidence that tin survive used to runway the gamelan inwards prehistoric times. Gamelan is a cultural production to satisfy the human involve for art, in addition to fine art is 1 chemical constituent of civilization that are universal. This way that every land has ascertained the arts, although his cast is dissimilar betwixt 1 land amongst some other nation. If contact occurs betwixt nations culture, arts, too, intersect, hence that tin occur when a land absorbing chemical constituent of fine art from other nations adapted to local conditions. Therefore, since its existence, gamelan until at in 1 lawsuit has undergone changes in addition to developments, specially inwards ansambelnya completeness.

The term "gamelan" refers to the fine art of gamelan, is widely used yesteryear the Java community. The term is experiencing increase inwards price of exercise in addition to pemaknaannya. Many people translate the "musicians" depart from the give-and-take "pepper" which way small, delicate, or intricate. That said, inwards Surakarta palace environment, musicians guide maintain also used the term equally an umbrella of several branches of art, such equally carving decoration, carving, dance, until pedhalangan (Supanggah, 2002: 5-6). In a narrow sense, the term used to depict a musical type of audio art, or music that comprise 1 or both of the next elements (Supanggah, 2002: 12): using gamelan instruments-either partially or wholly or slendro slendro-barreled some or all of ; exercise the barrel (scales) slendro in addition to / or pelog, either instrumental or song gamelan or nongamelan or a mixture of both.

Javanese gamelan at in 1 lawsuit non known inwards Republic of Indonesia alone, has grown fifty-fifty abroad such equally inwards the United States, Britain, Japan, Canada. Karawitan has worldwide. So it is quite ironic when the Javanese equally a straight heir to non fifty-fifty attention close this art. Other nations genuinely real appreciative in addition to diligently written report the gamelan, "beat" the indigenous people equally the heirs of this masterpiece ancestors.

Data Sources close Gamelan

Culture of Java in addition to the archipelago generally, began to acquire inwards the era of history, marked yesteryear a writing system. During the menstruum betwixt VIll centuries until the XV century AD, the Javanese cultural elements guide maintain enrichment of Indian culture. Elements of Indian culture, 1 of which, tin survive seen on the fine art of gamelan in addition to dance, through the transformation of the Hindu-Buddhist culture. The information on the existence of gamelan establish on verbal sources, namely sources written inwards the cast of inscriptions in addition to literary books that come upwardly from the Hindu-Buddhist. Also, this source of pictorial sources, such equally reliefs carved on the temple, both the temples that come upwardly from the classical Central Java (the seventh century until the 10th) in addition to the temples that come upwardly from the East Java a to a greater extent than classical immature (the 11th century to 15th) (Haryono, 1985).

In sources written during the East Java, gamelan ensemble grouping said to survive "tabeh-tabehan" (in the Java linguistic communication the New "percussion" or "tetabuhan", pregnant everything that played or sounded amongst beaten). Zoetmulder explains the give-and-take "gamel" amongst a percussive instrument, the musical instrument that is struck (1982). In the Java language, in that location is the give-and-take "trash" which way a hitter. In the Balinese language, the term "gambelan" which in addition to hence powerfulness survive the term gamelan. The term gamelan has been mentioned inwards connectedness amongst the music. During the Kadiri (the 13th century AD), a music adept Judith Becker said that the give-and-take gamelan comes from the yell of a priest who is a Burma adept named Gumlao iron. If Becker's sentiment is true, of course, the term gamelan is also establish inwards Burma or inwards some areas of mainland Southeast Asia; but manifestly not.

Picture of Gamelan instruments at Festival

In some parts of the walls of the Borobudur temple tin survive seen the kinds of gamelan instruments, namely: strappy drums are worn or hence the neck, similar a pot-shaped drums, zither in addition to lute, cymbals, flute, saron, xylophone. In the temple of Lara Jonggrang (Prambanan) tin survive seen the painting demonstrate reliefs cylindrical drum, drum convex, drums cast a pot, in addition to cymbals (intelligence), in addition to distilled. Relief images of gamelan instruments inwards the temples of East Java tin survive establish inwards Jago Temple (-13 th century AD) inwards the cast of stringed instruments: long-necked lute in addition to zither. While at the temple Ngrimbi (century - thirteen AD) in that location is relief reyong (two bonang pencon).

Meanwhile, a large gong reliefs establish inwards the Temple Kedaton (14th century AD), in addition to the cylindrical drum inwards Tegawangi Temple (14th century AD). In Panataran principal temple (14th century AD) in that location is relief gong, bendhe, kemanak, percussion drums similar and, on the terrace in that location is a relief pandapa xylophone, reyong, in addition to cymbals. In Sukuh (15th century AD) carved reliefs bendhe in addition to trumpet. Based on the information on the relief in addition to literary books obtained dot that at to the lowest degree in that location is no influence of Bharat on the existence of several types of Javanese gamelan. The presence of music inwards Bharat real closely amongst religious activity. Music is 1 of import chemical constituent inwards religious ceremonies (Koentjaraningrat, 1985: 42-45). In the several books of literary Bharat similar Natya Sastra, the fine art of music in addition to trip the low-cal fantastic toe industrial plant to the activeness of the ceremony. religious (Vatsyayan, 1968). Overall, the music grouping inwards Bharat called "vaditra" which are grouped into 5 classes, namely:

1. Tata (stringed musical instrument),
2. Begat (stringed musical instrument),
3. Sushira (brass instruments),
4. Dhola (drums),
5. Ghana (percussion instrument).

Other groupings are:

• Avanaddha vadya, the audio produced yesteryear vibration of the peel membrane beingness hit;
• Vadya Ghana, the audio produced yesteryear vibration of the musical instrument itself;
• Sushira vadya, the audio produced yesteryear vibration of the air yesteryear blowing;
• Tata vadya, the audio produced yesteryear vibration of the strings are plucked or swiped.

Classification tin survive likened to membranofon (Avanaddha vadya), ideofon (Ghana vadya), aerofon (sushira vadya), kordofon (grammar vadya). Rhythm of music inwards Bharat called "laya", standardized yesteryear using the designing "tuning" is done amongst the drums. Rhythm is grouped into: druta (fast), madhya (medium), in addition to vilambita (slow).

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS GAMELAN

1. Membranofon grouping (Avanaddha vadya)

Membranofon grouping is gamelan instruments, which audio sources be on the membranes of peel or other materials. In the Javanese gamelan, this grouping is a type of drum. In some inscriptions obtained evidence that the musical instrument membranofon grouping has been pop inwards Java since the mid-ninth century AD amongst the name: padahi, pataha (padaha), murawa or muraba, mrdangga, mrdala, muraja, panawa, Kahala, damaru, drums.

The term "padahi" tin survive establish inwards the oldest cemetery temple inscription that dates to 821 AD (Goris, 1930). The term continues to survive used until the Majapahit era, equally tin survive read on the spin-MPU Nagarakretagama Prapanca 1365 AD (Pigeaud, 1960). It is non impossible that the musical musical instrument membranofon type is a type of gamelan instruments that existed earlier the existence of cultural contacts amongst India, which is used inwards rituals. This tin survive compared to musical instruments owned yesteryear the primitive tribes inwards full general from membranofon group. In ancient cultures of prehistoric metallic (bronze culture) inwards Indonesia, has known the variety of moko, nekara. Nekara inwards his 24-hour interval serves equally a sort of drum. The writer does non handle that nekara dalarn evolution in addition to hence becomes a gong.

In India, the musical instrument type of drum called yesteryear diverse names such as: dundubhi, pataha, mridangga, panava, murawa, mrdala; in addition to has been known since the Vedic period. Dundubhi types mentioned equally the "drum compaction that if you lot tin striking the enemy" (Vatsyayan, 1968:175). In India, the drum plays an of import exercise inwards the ceremony in addition to accompanying trip the low-cal fantastic toe functioning equally mentioned inwards the Natya Sastra. Mridangga including equally a variety of drum major. Murawa (muraba), mrdala, mrdangga (mridangga) in all probability originated from the same root give-and-take of "MRD" pregnant land.

In mythology mentioned that mrdangga or mrdala created yesteryear Lord Brahma to accompany the trip the low-cal fantastic toe of Lord Shiva when it managed to compaction the giant Trusurapura (Popley, 1950:123; Haryono, 1986). In the majority the term bheri Natya Sastra, bhambha, dindimas, which may also include groups of instruments are drums. The term bheri inwards Java is at in 1 lawsuit the grouping is aligned amongst bendhe ideofon.

In some majority of ancient Javanese literature mentions the give-and-take next bheri mrdangga, similar inwards the majority Wirataparwa: "... prasamanggwal bheri mrdangga, Arok ajimur ikang prang penance-wor ..." (The same behave bheri mrdangga, mixed mingle those who create out each other): "... humung bheri murawa pliers ..." (Huh bheri phonation in addition to murawa).

In the majority of the Ramayana (X century AD) states: "... tinabih ikang bahiri band the common ..." (Bheri played inwards the park). The contention gave the impression that bahiri or bheri even hence inwards the grouping membranofon. Based on the information on the books of literature, or murawa mrdala is a real of import musical instrument inwards combination amongst other instruments such equally sangkhakala, vina, baribit.

The refer yesteryear diverse names, dot the presence of diverse forms of percussion in addition to materials. In fine art statues, a pocket-sized drum held yesteryear the god called damaru. In the reliefs of Borobudur temple (early 9th century AD) in addition to the Shiva temple at Prambanan (mid-9th century AD) described the diverse forms of drums (Haryono, 1985; 1986). There is a slender cylindrical drum shape, asymmetrical barrel shape, a conical shape.

On the balustrade of temple of Shiva, the drum is placed nether the belly amongst a variety of rope. In the temples of the younger of the 14th century, reliefs drums tin survive seen inwards the temples of the classical menstruum of youth (the menstruum of East Java), such equally Temple in addition to Temple Panataran Tegawangi. In the temple reliefs Tegawangi also establish someone who took the cast of a cylindrical drum amongst a rope draped on both shoulders. In the Temple Panataran, reliefs drums described only webbed 1 side in addition to played amongst a circular tipped beater. Jaap Kunst (1968:35-36) calls this musical musical instrument "dogdog". There is the same refer of drums dalarn Old Javanese written sources amongst written sources inwards Bharat proves that cultural contacts betwixt the ii included also inwards the acre of performing arts. But Java does non hateful that the drum is the influence of Indian drums.

MRD based on the root word, the give-and-take mredangga inwards the inscription may guide maintain been drums made of clay. In a evolution afterward inwards Java, said mredangga survive Pradangga New inwards the Java language, which way the gamelan players or musicians. Such changes are also on the give-and-take Kansa pregnant or kangsa bronze, which in addition to hence turned into gangsa inwards Java which way gamelan. Therefore, the proposition that the give-and-take comes from the give-and-take gangsan GASA equally an abbreviation (acronym) of the said 3 or copper + + sedasa rejasa, non based on valid interrogation results (Haryono, 2002; 2004:48).

Bronze metallurgical studies on the footing of the elemental composition of materials, also did non try the existence of 3 versus composition sedasa (3:10). The results on the elemental composition of the artificial Papringan gamelan (Yogyakarta) = 52.87% Cu: Sn 34.82%: 12.55% Zn; of Bekonang (Surakarta) = Cu 48.80%: 39.88% Sn: Zn 10.86% in addition to from Kauman (Magetan) = 51.00% Cu: Sn 40.26%: 8.39% Zn. Cu is copper, Sn for tin, in addition to Zn for zinc. It is clear that the composition does non demonstrate the comparing of 3 (three): 10 (sedasa) such sentiment inwards full general (Haryono, 2004:51-52).

Gangsa term which way gamelan has been used inwards the twelfth century AD equally establish inwards the majority Smaradahana (Canto XXIX: 8): "ginding daityaddhipati ya ta tinabih drums, gongs, gangsa, gubar asahuran ..." way gending rung of the King Giant , drums, gongs, gangsa, in addition to gubar bersahut-replication (Poerbatjaraka, 1951; Sedyawati, 1985:236). The gamelan is at in 1 lawsuit called gangsa is a type of xylophone xylophone made of metallic (bronze or brass).

Membranofon other types of instruments is the "drum" in addition to "trebang". The term drum establish inwards the majority of Song of the younger malate. Dalam Kakawin Hariwangsa, Ghatotkacasraya, in addition to Song of Harsawijaya, similar instruments are called "tipakan". In addition, in that location is the term "Tabang-Tabang" inwards the majority in addition to the majority Sumanasantaka Ghatotkacasraya, which may afterward develop into the term "tribang". Quote the next text: "saha damya ginding sri-slanted ballad damyan anameni Tabang Tabang ing" (Gatotkacasraya, 37:7); "Tabang-Tabang ramya karingwangsulan". If this is true, in addition to hence what nosotros telephone phone bedhug trebang or non the emergence of musical instruments after the arrival of Islamic civilization but has been or hence since the twelfth century AD (Zoetmulder, 1983: 317-395).

2. Ideofon grouping (Ghana Vadhya)

Musical instruments of this grouping is the variety of musical musical instrument audio sources originating from the "body" musical instrument itself, in addition to yesteryear music experts ranked equally the oldest musical musical instrument when compared amongst other types (Ferdinandus, 1999). Some of the musical instruments of this type which tin survive establish inwards inscriptions in addition to literary books, namely tuwung, kangsi, rigang, curing, rojeh, brikuk, stooped, kamanak, xylophone, calung, salunding, barung, ganding, in addition to gongs.

Inscriptions of Central Java menstruum (9th century AD) many calls the term "curing", "tense", "tuwung", "brikuk". Curing in addition to tuwung is a type of cymbal. Curing may survive a variety of cymbals are made from metal. Kuti years inwards an inscription 762 Saka (840 AD) stated: "Mangkana yan pamuja mangungkunga curing ..." (As for if the demeanour of worship, hence beating the curing). The give-and-take "mangungkunga" inwards Javanese Only at in 1 lawsuit tin even hence survive establish equally the artificial audio of gamelan "ngungkung". Curing this type of gamelan instruments are real pop during the Old Javanese; proved much mentioned inwards the inscription Determination Sima (the 9th century to the M-12). From these inscriptions tin survive concluded that the equipment is sounded inwards the context of ritual gamelan (worship ceremony).

According to Jaap Kunst (1968:52), curing in addition to tuwung is the same variety of musical musical instrument kicer. Name celuring at in 1 lawsuit be on the gamelan inwards Yogyakarta palace in addition to temple Pakualaman. Maybe celuring derived from the give-and-take that gets insertions curing "el" to limited the plural. If hence in addition to hence the painting demonstrate of curing on the Old Javanese celuring same equally now. Meanwhile, inwards several books of literary mentioned type of musical instrument gamelan "rojeh" similar inwards the majority Hariwangsa, Kresnayana, Sumanasantaka, Siwaratrikalpa, in addition to the Song Harsawijaya. This gamelan musical instrument similar cymbals interpreted. Similarly, the term "baribit" called the yell of the type of gamelan instruments inwards the Ramayana.

The yell "brikuk" equally the yell of the gamelan instruments establish inwards the inscription Panggumulan twelvemonth 902 AD in addition to 919 AD Inscription Lintakan Whereas inwards the twelvemonth 943 AD inscription Paradah the term "bent". Dalam gamelan at in 1 lawsuit guide maintain the yell "tap". The term tap existing at the fourth dimension referred to inwards Hariwangsa Kadiri MPU Panuluh work. In the majority described the atmosphere of natural beauty when Rukmini in addition to Krishna on a trip that is similar a puppet show, accompanied yesteryear gamelan: salunding, kituk, in addition to talutak.

The description illustrates that the puppet demonstrate equally good equally the twelfth century accompanied yesteryear gamelan ensembles are even hence simple. Could brikuk in addition to is bent similar a percussion musical instrument in addition to kenong pencon now? According to J. Kunst (1968:63), both brikuk nor is whatsoever refer of a similar bent to 1 type of instrument. Maybe in 1 lawsuit brikuk, stooped, in addition to kituk is a cast of gamelan musical instrument similar. Form of gamelan instruments pencu engraved on the temples of East Java to the 14th century AD in addition to afterward equally Temple Panataran, Sukuh, in addition to Temple Ngrimbi.

Relief berpencu gamelan instruments inwards the temple Ngrimbi Panataran in addition to peradventure could survive called "reyong". This musical instrument is sounded amongst a brusque stick held yesteryear the correct in addition to left arm.

The guild that much inwards 1 smart in addition to hence acquire "bonang". If the guild a bit, each inwards a lively called "kenong". Written inwards the source, the term establish inwards Pararaton reyong. Written inwards the source of the older, the inscription Polengan I, inwards 870 AD called the term "makajar" which way the thespian kajar. Kajar is a variety of musical musical instrument pencu.

Gong is a variety of gamelan instruments are real of import also. In the cast of relief, the source tin survive seen inwards the reliefs of the oldest stories inwards the Cave Selamangleng Arjunawiwaha, Tulungagung, from the 11th century AD (Bernet Kempers, 1959: 87). Then depicted on the reliefs inwards the temple Kedaton Bhomantaka story, in addition to Ramayana reliefs at Candi Panataran (14th century AD). This does non hateful that the gong was unknown earlier the 11th century.

In the Old Javanese Ramayana from the 9th century AD has been called "gong" (Poerbatjaraka, 1926: 265-272). In the word of China's Tang dynasty (618-906 AD) stated that "if the Rex of Poli out of town, he rode a educate drawn yesteryear elephants in addition to musical accompaniment consisting of gongs, drums in addition to trumpets" (Haryono, 2001). It seems that the gamelan instruments gong named until at in 1 lawsuit remained inwards the 9th century AD equally gamelan instruments whose exercise is limited inwards the palace, hence that yesteryear Kunst said to survive "royal instruments" (Kunst, 1968:66). After all, inwards price of manufacturing techniques, gong requires to a greater extent than complicated techniques in addition to materials are to a greater extent than expensive, hence non every community tin have.

The term gong inwards this instance is used to refer to large gong (gong gedhe), spell for smaller sizes in that location may survive other price such as: gubar, bendhe, bheri. The term gong is also used to correspond the entire ensemble of gamelan. Javanese people say that if you lot guide maintain a celebration volition survive held nggantung gong way klenengan. In the majority mentioned Bharatayuddha gending, gongs, in addition to gubar inwards 1 group. It is interesting that inwards the Song Wangbang Wideya (from the Kadiri) which contains the even of Panji mentioned types of gongs amongst the term "gong Bentar Kadatwan", together amongst the curing of other gamelan in addition to gongs, which sounded to accompany the puppet demonstrate (Robson, 1977) . As for "gubar" interpreted equally a variety of medium-size gong. Dalam Bharatayuddha, gubar called together amongst sangkha in addition to saragi, rung yesteryear soldiers inwards battle. In the context of "gubar saragi", pregnant saragi term tin also hateful a variety of gong. In Ternate saragi give-and-take way gong (Haryono, 2001:107).

Xylophone mentioned inwards written sources of the Book of malate, in addition to according to Chinese word during the Song Dynasty (966-1279 AD), said that inwards the reign of King Jayabhaya of Kadiri Java community has been able to play the flute, drums, in addition to xylophones (xylophone) of forest (Groeneveldt, 1960:17). In sources such equally books written Sumanasantaka, Inscription Buwahan the 11th century AD, the inscription volition of Temple (12th century AD) is called the term "calung" in addition to the term "galunggang" in addition to "garantung" inwards other sources. The term "gender" started to survive called at the fourth dimension that is inwards the Song Wangbang Kadiri Wideya used to accompany the puppet demonstrate along amongst ridip in addition to gongs. Gamelan instruments consisting of the blades (wilahan) which guide maintain been assembled on the Borobudur Temple. Reliefs similar these tin also survive seen inwards the younger temple Panataran Temple. When the xylophone was known, supposed to survive variety saron already good known.

Perhaps reliefs carved on Borobudur depict saron, non xylophone. The term "saron" newly discovered dalarn written sources after the 15th century AD (the majority Arjunapralabda). Written inwards the source, in that location is the term "barung" which is interpreted equally the saron (Juynboll, 1923:401). In the majority Bharatayuddha, Gahtotkacasraya, in addition to Hariwangsa equally good equally some of the inscriptions of ancient Bali twelfth century AD the term "salunding". Gamelan salunding until at in 1 lawsuit even hence tin survive establish inwards Bali. The next gamelan instruments are onetime plenty presence is "kemanak". Dalam kakawin Bharatayuddha, Candidate Charcoal book, mentioned kamanak together amongst kangsi. Even inwards the majority say that Candidate Charcoal kangsi kamanak in addition to used to accompany sacred trip the low-cal fantastic toe performed yesteryear Candidate Char in addition to his disciples.

3. Aerofon grouping (Sushira vadya)

Types of instruments belonging to this grouping is the gamelan audio source is air that is blown. In the Javanese gamelan ensemble now, the flute is the completeness of the gamelan klenengan or cirebonan-cirebonan. In the majority of Natya Sastra, flute (flute) is referred to equally "vamsa" which way bamboo in addition to is sounded together amongst the "vino" (Vienna). Pictorial evidence of the existence at the fourth dimension of the ancient Javanese flute tin survive seen inwards the reliefs at Borobudur reliefs Karmawibhangga, Jataka reliefs, in addition to Lalitawistara, in addition to in that location are also the reliefs at Candi Jago in addition to Panataran Temple.

Based on these reliefs tin survive distinguished ii kinds of flutes, the transverse flute (oblique flute) in addition to longitudinal flutes (vertical). Written inwards the source, the flute is called inwards the majority of Old Javanese Ramayana amongst the term "bangsi" in addition to sounded together amongst the musical instrument rawandsta. Bangsi said or wangsi real in all probability derived from the same Sanskrit give-and-take "vamsa". In the majority The younger the function of MPU Tanakung Writtasancaya flute called a "flute". The Book of Old Javanese Ramayana also mentions the term flute. Similarly inwards Bali, Pura Batur inwards the inscription of 1011 AD Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blood brother called flutes. This way that since the 11th century has been distilled into the completeness of the gamelan.

In add-on to the flute inwards written sources equally good equally reliefs are air current instruments, the trumpet is called a "sangkha". Sangkha are body of body of water shells in addition to the air current instruments guide maintain long been used inwards India. In Hindu iconography, sangkha is an attribute of Vishnu, Krishna. Ramayana inwards relief inwards the temple of Brahma (Prambanan), sangkha blown to awaken Kumbhakarna (brother of Ravana) who slept. Dalam Nagarakretagama mentioned "gumang Kahala padaha Ganjuran Ian idea ...." (Kahala idea in addition to audio thunderous drums, Ganjuran) (Canto 65:1). In the Ramayana, idea called "kalasangkha"; in addition to inwards Wirataparwa majority called "sangkhakahala" (Kunst, 1968). The term "Kahala thought" in addition to "sangkha Kahala" is at in 1 lawsuit a "trumpet", spell "Ganjuran" equally peradventure a variety of gamelan instruments inwards a drum (?). The term gamelan Kala Ganjur at in 1 lawsuit comes from the give-and-take "Kahala" in addition to "Ganjur", a term that has existed since the fourth dimension of Majapahit. Another type of trumpet is "pereret" equally referred to inwards the Song Rangga Lawe.

4. Kordofon grouping (Tata vadya)

Gamelan instruments are included inwards this grouping inwards Javanese gamelan is at in 1 lawsuit referred to equally a zither, zither, in addition to rebab. The term "plop" was outset establish inwards written sources Cekelwanengpati Tale. Reliefs at Candi Jago on the painting demonstrate depicted someone who was playing the zither. In the Song Wangbang Wideya called gamelan instruments "samepa" in addition to the gamelan was interpreted equally a "fiddle" (Kunst, 1968). Meanwhile, "kachapi" is mentioned inwards the Song Hausa Wijaya together amongst other gamelan namely: gongs, ridip, in addition to ginding.

Old Javanese inscriptions refer the term "Vienna", "rawanahasta", in addition to "panday rawanahasta". Rawanahasta give-and-take pregnant "hand rawana" in addition to "panday rawanahasta" way "artisan made rawanahasta". Rawanahasta interpreted equally a variety of lute berdawal gamelan musical instrument shaped similar a paw (Kunst, 1968; Sarkar, 1972). The Book of Old Javanese Ramayana mentions: "makinara" in addition to "malawuwina". Vienna Lawuwina way shaped similar a pumpkin. Harp seems to guide maintain been used inwards the yesteryear equally seen inwards the reliefs at Borobudur in addition to the baths Jalatunda (East Java). Similarly in that location are some metallic statues establish inwards Nganjuk in addition to Suracala (Yogyakarta), which describes the goddess belongings a stringed musical instrument.

Excerpted from the writings of Prof.. doc Haryono arise, M.Sc. (KRA Haryono Sultanate), Javanese culture, Professor of the Science of Archaeology at the Faculty of Humanities University of Gadjah Mada. Members of the Board of Experts Institute for the Study of Java Sekar Jagad; published inwards the magazine edition of 2007 Sasmita.