| Trace History Of Malay Script | This newspaper explains that based on the traces of history, the Indonesian linguistic communication comes from the Malay linguistic communication Polynesia in addition to is forthwith allied amongst Austronesian languages. The languages are in addition to then referred to equally the linguistic communication of the archipelago.Malay linguistic communication has a purpose equally written linguistic communication since the halt of the seventh century. In its development, the Riau Malay linguistic communication became the Indonesian language.
1. Preliminary
Research J. L. A. Brandes (1884) on the Malay languages of Western Polynesia inwards the past times to essay out that those languages came from 1 parent. Together amongst the Malay languages of East Polynesia, Western Polynesia Malay linguistic communication included inwards the Malay Polynesian linguistic communication family. Today, the term is known equally the Austronesian linguistic communication family. Ethnic languages inwards Indonesia, including the Malay language, the heritage linguistic communication is by in addition to large called the languages of the archipelago.
The written report was in addition to then followed past times a written report which Renward Brandstetter inwards 1887 until 1915 published non less than 5 works (respectively inwards 1887, 1893, 1911, 1912, in addition to 1915). This written report followed upwards on past times the emergence of inquiry Dyen Isidore (1953) in addition to Bernd Nothofer (1975). Republic of Indonesia itself has non been a lot of people doing such research. Harimurti Kridalaksana (1964) is 1 of the few Indonesian researchers who studied the clustering of viii Western Austronesian languages. Jos Daniel Parera (1965) also conducted inquiry on the grouping of the languages of Sulawesi.
From the results of their inquiry shows that to attain or obtain results that are by in addition to large referred to equally "ancient language", they receive got to practice comparisons on to a greater extent than or less elements of linguistic communication are notwithstanding live when emphasis ¬ written report are performed. Thus it tin flame live understood if the "ancient language" is linguistic communication that almost sure never been used. "Ancient Language" is inwards fact to a greater extent than appropriate if the "language of thought", ie a linguistic communication that his shape inwards the past times allegedly did so. Such results are most likely to look inwards his written report of the widyabasawan (linguists).
From the written report it tin flame live seen that fifty-fifty though they may know, but by in addition to large they ignore other forms of written linguistic communication which significantly used inwards the past. Although the earthworks efforts inwards that direction e'er done, but the existent shape is by in addition to large express to the forms of linguistic communication used inwards ancient manuscripts. Thus, if any, tangible forms of occupation organization through the Malay linguistic communication for example, relies on the findings of Malay manuscripts are by in addition to large from the 16th century in addition to thereafter. Real shape of the previous menstruation to the acquaint has non been much touched.
Actually, the existent shape of linguistic communication studies inwards the past times also made past times other inquiry groups. However, because they are non widyabasawan, linguistic communication forms were non assessed inwards damage of language. They work the evidence of the past times was exactly to other sciences, especially history in addition to widyapurba (archeology). The shape linguistic communication is used alone equally historical information or information that are considered real of import widyapurba to line the history of gild inwards the past. Among widyapurbawan specifically to his writing it is the inscription ¬ widyalekawan (epigraphy experts), to those who did pursue the inscription in addition to all the ins ¬ beluknya, except inwards damage of widyabasa.
2. Traces History: Inscription
Relations betwixt China in addition to the archipelago has been going on since the starting fourth dimension of AD. This evidence, amid others, shape the findings of Chinese ceramics from the Han Dynasty (200 BC-200 AD), in addition to subsequent dynasties. That human relationship never seems to end, at to the lowest degree so that tin flame live followed in addition to concluded from the Chinese intelligence collection edited past times W. P. Groeneveldt (1880). In the linguistic communication problem, the highlights of early on Chinese intelligence it is called a linguistic communication that is used inwards "the south", ie Kwunlun language.
According to the interpretation of R. Ng. Purbacaraka (1952), which is the linguistic communication Kwunlun native linguistic communication is already mixed amongst Sanskrit. If this sentiment is correct, agency the menstruation of indigenous languages inwards Republic of Indonesia receive got been affected past times the influence of unusual languages, especially Sanskrit. This supposition makes feel given the human relationship betwixt the archipelago amongst Republic of Republic of India had already begun to accept house since the early on days of AD. This has been proven past times the uncovering of a bronze Buddha statue from Sempaga, South Sulawesi (Bosch, 1933).
Given the evidence obtained oldest Malay linguistic communication originated from the twelvemonth 683 AD, the inquiry arises, is non possible if the pregnant of linguistic communication inwards Chinese intelligence Kwunlun it is Malay language? This inquiry is reminiscent of the seat of Malay equally basantara (lingua franca), the trace-trace exactly displayed through inquiry Brandes in addition to other figures that receive got been mentioned. Although the oldest evidence comes from the Malay linguistic communication 683 years, inwards full general nosotros tin flame state that the Malays inwards the early on days non much similar taking notes.
Until now, the Malay-language inscriptions receive got been discovered in addition to come upwards from a real long menstruation (683-1500), much less when compared amongst the issue of inscriptions of Java linguistic communication (even the linguistic communication of Bali), which comes from the oldest evidence of to a greater extent than afterwards . That's why in all probability why inquiry on the Malay-language inscriptions were much less when compared amongst studies of Javanese linguistic communication inscriptions. We tin flame telephone band Warren D. Barnes (1911), C.O. Blagden (1913, 1924), C. Bodern Kloss (1921), FDK Bosch (1941), T. F. Carey (1933), J. G. de Casparis (1950, 1956), G. Coedes (1930, 1933), C. Ferrand (1932), H. Kern (1873, 1913), R. A. Kern (1931), N. J. Krom (1912, 1920, 1938), Hugh Low (1880), Major H. S. Paterson (1924), R. Ng. Purbacaraka (1952), PHS. van Ronkel (1924), F. M. Schnitger (1935), P. V. van Stein-Callenfels (1927), in addition to J. W. J. Wellan (1934) equally to a greater extent than or less researchers that nosotros tin flame brand an example.
Related to the Malay-language inscriptions works life inwards the most recent menstruation (after 1960), M. services Bukhari is non likely to forget. He included widyalekawan who worked on the concluding findings. Bukhari writing virtually the Malay-language inscription that begins amongst the words of the inscription Sojomerto (1964), Palas Pasemah (1979), in addition to Manjusnigerha (1980). In addition, Bukhari also has many inscriptions mengalihaksarakan Malay language, but farther tillage had non done.
3. Traces History: Scripts
In add-on to such inscriptions, traces of the Malay linguistic communication is also a manuscript, which by in addition to large comes from the 16th century until the 18th century or fifty-fifty to a greater extent than recently. The texts are mostly inwards the shape of literary texts "history" in addition to the lexicon (at to the lowest degree a listing of words). Research in addition to writing e'er done to line this form of Malay, amid others, past times Alessandro Bausani (1960), C. O. Blagden (1930, 1931), C. C.Brown (1952), FSA Clerc (1870-1876), A. Cohen Stuart (1864), P. van der Crab (1878), Johan Doorenbos (1933), G. W. J. Drewes (1955), E. Dulaurier (1845), J.Edel (1938), E. D. Edwards in addition to C. O. Blagden (1930-1932), P. Leopoldo de Eguilas Yanguas (1886), C. A. Gibson-Hil (1953), J. Gonda (1938, 1940), J. R. P. F.Gonggrijp (1876), Fredericu Gueyner (1677), David Haex (1631), J. Heurnius (1650), A.H. Hil (1955), Wr. van Hoevell (1843), Frederick de Houtman (1603), M. Leydekker (1731-1733), John Leyden (1821), W. Linehan (1949), J. Ch. Lorrerus (1688), G. E.Marnison (1951), Th. Marshall (± 1680), R. Mee (1929), C. A. Mees (1935), Raja Ali Haji (1857), A. Reland (1708), J. Roman (1674), PHS. van Ronkel (1896a, 1896b, 1901, 1902, 1908, 1919, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1935), C. C. F. M. le Roux (1939), G. E.Rumphius (1741-1750), A. C. Ruyl (1612), W. G. Shellabear (1898, 1917), A.Spalding (1614), W. F. Stutterheim (1936), A. Teeuw (1959), F. Valentijn (1726), Vocabulaerr (1601), G. H. Werndly (1736, 1737), R. J. Wilkinson (1931), C. Wiltens in addition to S. Danckaerts (1923), in addition to R. O. Winstedt (1938). In to a greater extent than recent times, appeared a issue of studies on Malay manuscripts, amid others, past times Sulastin Sutrisno (1975), A. Ikram (1978), S. W. R. Mulyadi (1979), in addition to Ibrahim Alfian (1981).
4. Traces History: History
From the higher upwards it appears that the Malay linguistic communication has a purpose equally a written linguistic communication at to the lowest degree towards the halt of the seventh century. That agency that equally a spoken language, Malay linguistic communication would receive got been much longer inwards use. In this regard, comparing of results of inquiry widyabasa who came to the determination of "a unmarried mutual ancestor" of the languages inwards the archipelago may live to a greater extent than emphasized. That is, it is likely that "a unmarried mutual ancestor" it is the linguistic communication of idea or ancient linguistic communication that lowers the Malay languages.
Until the twelvemonth 683, so to verbalize Malay linguistic communication is notwithstanding the spoken linguistic communication fully. This supposition is sure going to alter if inwards the close time to come tin flame live works life evidence of the work of Malay linguistic communication in addition to writing before than that year. The bit one-half of Malay history took house betwixt the years 683-1500, when the ba ¬ Malay linguistic communication to obtain the influence of a real Wisesa (dominant) from the Sanskrit. In Chinese news, the linguistic communication is regarded equally the linguistic communication Kwunlun. During this period, the Malays notwithstanding prefer to verbalize orally. This is evidenced past times the scarcity of written evidence inwards the shape of inscriptions in addition to manuscripts from that period.
The side past times side stage is the influence of Standard Arabic or Islamic. At this time, the Malay linguistic communication Wisesa gain plenty influence from Standard Arabic in addition to Islamic culture. At that time, many emerging Malay manuscripts that demo the influence of Arabic. In the patch of history, the influence is notwithstanding visible scar inwards a diversity of Malay manuscripts that smells of history.The texts that referred to himself equally history, saga, pedigree, origin, or the story. Given these words are of Standard Arabic words in addition to also almost every script starts amongst the Standard Arabic phrase, in addition to then this suggests that at the fourth dimension of the Arab in addition to Islamic influence is real large on the lives of Malay gild in addition to culture, including language.
The side past times side stage is the menstruation of the Malay linguistic communication which began to hitting the influence of European languages, peculiarly Dutch in addition to and then English. Even interesting plenty to state that the Malay linguistic communication is non only influenced past times European languages. Bahasa Melayu fact, tin flame behave on unusual languages. According to historical records, equally good equally influenced past times Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, in addition to Spanish, Malay linguistic communication has also left traces inwards the languages Campa, Siamese, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, French, Africa, Portuguese, in addition to English linguistic communication (Teeuw in addition to Emanuels 1961: 38-42). Thus inwards the procedure of civilization that occurs, the Malay linguistic communication interacts amongst other languages that receive got or are notwithstanding inwards touching amongst the Malay culture. In the works of A. Teeuw is indeed to live works life a bibliography that shows the influence of the Malay linguistic communication of the unusual languages.
The side past times side evolution is the "separation" Malay linguistic communication because of the demands of history. Bahasa Melayu evolved inwards Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, in addition to a issue of other areas. In Indonesia, the Malay linguistic communication in addition to and then "promoted" into the national language, namely the Indonesian language. Thus inwards damage of actual history shows that lack of truthful belief which says that Indonesian-Malay linguistic communication came from Riau.Actually, the Indonesian linguistic communication comes from the Malay language, which receive got long served equally basantara throughout the archipelago. The purpose of the Malay linguistic communication equally it is amid other basantara dipergunakannya evident from the linguistic communication inwards merchandise agreements in addition to political antarpenguasa "country" Republic of Indonesia or amid those amongst a unusual political party (Spanish, English, Dutch, in addition to Portuguese).
5. Endnotes
In determination needs to live submitted that the principal source for preparing this brusk newspaper is the operate of A. Teeuw (with the help of HW Emanuels), which appeared inwards 1961 in addition to Hasan's operate on the bibliography archaeologists Djafar Republic of Indonesia betwixt the years 1950 to 1975 (1981).
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